Psych 3

The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time.

A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory (sensory, short term, long term) through which info passes in a sequential way as it is processed.

is the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended.

the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.

A system for permanently storing, managing, and retrieving information for later use. Items of information stored as long-term memory may be available for a lifetime.

distinctly vivid, precise, concrete, long-lasting memories of a personal circumstance surrounding a persons discovery of shocking events.

processing of info into memory system

retention of encoded info over time

process of getting memory out of storage

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, photographic

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, words not payed attention to can be recalled 3-4 seconds later

unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space & time

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Tendency to best recall first, last items on a list

the disruptive effect of new learning on old info

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

organizing info into familiar manageable units, occurs automatically

increase in cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation, believed to be neural basis for learning and memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

associated mainly with memory, in particular long-term memory. The organ also plays an important role in spatial navigation.

when one must recall information learned earlier, fill in test

when a person needs to only identify terms previously learned, multiple choice

assesses the amount of time save when learning material again

The unconscious activation of certain associations, predisposing perception, memory and response

• The more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation, the better retrieval

Our mood states provide an example of memory's state dependence. Emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues. Thus, our memories are somewhat mood congruent. You tend to remember other bad times when you're in a bad mood

failure to encode information into long term memory

the basic defense mechanism that forces anxiety provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories to the unconscious mind

Book:Individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

sexual and aggressive impulses as well as traumatic events that are repressed constitute the content of the unconscious mind

a biological structure people are born with that seeks pleasure and avoids pain (pleasure principle).

the conscious "executive" structure of the mind that attempts to satisfy ID impulses while considering the reality implications.

the moral, ethical component of personality that assists the EGO in gratifying ID impulses in socially acceptable ways and is a product of socialization.

awareness of ourselves and environment

Memories, feelings, thoughs and images that we are unaware of at the moment but can be recalled. (eg telephone number)

0-18 months pleasure from the mouth, sucking, biting, chewing

18-36 months, pleasure from bowel and bladder function

3-6 years, pleasure from the genitals,manage incestuous feelings

Latency 6-puberty dormant sexual feelings

puberty on maturation of sexual interests

a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process.

The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences

the attempt by the ego to find safe realistic ways of meeting the needs of the id

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

easures an individual's characteristics independent of rater bias or the examiner's own beliefs,

Hierarchy of needs, needs must be satisfied in the following sequence, physiological needs, safety , love and belongingness, esteem, and self- actualization.

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

mphasizes the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in forming a self-concept.

according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior

The acceptance and appreciation of an individual, faults and all. This was proposed by humanist Carl Rogers and is a critical component of client-centered therapy

vague and subjective as well as the individualism encouraged selfishness

Approach to attitude formation that assumes that people infer their attitudes and emotional states from their behavior.

Individualistic Cultures: Concerns about message clarity and preserving one's own face are more important than maintaining the face of others, because tasks are more important than relationships, and individual autonomy must be preserved. Collectivist:

personality theories that new behavior is the product of the interaction of cognitives, learning and past experiences, and the immediate environment

Behavior is a function of (Expectancy for Reinforcement x Reinforcement Value) People do what they expect will produce reinforcement that they value

people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.

believes that personality per se does not exist, and that our traits are merely cognitive strategies or things that we do for us to obtain the kind of reward we want.

people tend to perform simple, well-learned tasks better when other people are present

are introversion-extroversion and stability-instability. All other traits fall within this two-dimensional space produced by these factors.

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

The process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general.

The knowledge of oneself as a person both separate from other people and constant throughout changing situations.

A measure of how much you value and respect yourself

Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.

understanding others in social world; is the initial information we process about other people in order to understand their mindsets and intentions.

theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

argues that people react to what they think they have relative to others

The idea that people adopt cultural values and moral principles in order to cope with their fear of death

self-esteem acts like a meter to inform us of the degree to which we are likely to be accepted or rejected by other

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

A theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional causes but to attribute one's own behavior to situational causes.

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes form

here is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.

Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being. Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the way we are brought up.

investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life.

A theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones

Assigning the cause of a behavior to environmental factors.

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

A generalized belief about a group of people

About one third of people will agree with obvious mistruths to go along with the group

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Prejudice is a three part mixture of beliefs (Stereotypes), emotions, and predispositions

differential treatment of people in certain groups; the behavioral component of prejudice

The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.

The idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Facilitation occur when increase in performance when in the presence of others (easy tasks), inhibition occurs when decrease in performance when around others (difficult tasks).

The ways people alter the attitudes or behaviors of others, either directly or indirectly.

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

the loss of self- awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

17) Stanley Milgram was investigating _____ in his classic teacher-learner shock studya) the effects of punishment on learning

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

the study of the relationship between behavior and the physical environment

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

A struggle between two opposing forces

A conflict in which the most beneficial actions for an individual will, if chosen by most people have harmful effects on everyone

A social situation in which one person's gains are subtracted from another person's resources, so that the sum of the gains and losses is zero

The tendency for members of a cohesive group to reach decisions without weighing all the facts, especially those contradicting the majority opinion.