MU 100 master set 4

this short, thematic motive recurs fifth. short short long. fate knocking at the door

mozart

left salzburg 25 popular in prague friends with hadyn

when the music begins new tempo, broken octaves. intro to first ends main theme begins tempo changes suddenly from slow to very fast

independent or the final movement such as a symphony or sonata, abacaba

symphony no. 40 in g minor

a lyric theme in the woodwinds becomes a loud theme in the brass instruments, short short long clarinets trumpets,

contains modulations through several keys. uses motives with new emotion meanings. combines motives to create polyphony.

lallardo

selection is part of the coda, descending violin melody introduces a new rising theme

minuet followed by the beginning of a trio

rondo gypsy, rondo lively easy to remember

first movement

a hushed mysterious theme is followed by the famous short-short-long rhythm introduced in the first movement

bass line new key. entry of the lyric second theme in the exposition following the end of the bridge. the conclusion of the bridge in the exposition of a movement in sonata form.

trio section of the third movement comes to an end and the minuet returns

a bridge following the third movement connects with the fourth movement, the trumpets proclaim the main theme of the final movement. woodwinds and strings short short long

the transition from the baroque style to the full flowering of the classical

Carl Philipp Emanuel and Johann Christian

was applied to this light, graceful music, in music style gallant is comparable to the rococo style in art.

Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven

A classical composition will fluctuate in mood. Dramatic, turbulent music might lead into a care free dance tune.

A classical composition has a wealth of rhythmic patterns, whereas a baroque piece contains a few patterns that are reiterated throughout. Classical includes unexpected pauses, syncopation, and frequent changes from long notes to shorter notes.

Classical music is basically homophonic. Pieces shift smoothly or suddenly from one texture to another.

Composers usually borrowed popular tunes. Classical melodies tend to sound balanced and symmetrical because they are frequently made up of two phrases of the same length.

Classical composers interest in expressing shades of emotion led to the widespread use of gradual dynamic change-crescendo and decrescendo. Composers did not restrict themselves to the terraced dynamics characteristic of baroque music. Crescendos and decrescendos were an electrifying novelty; audiences sometimes rose excitedly from their seats. During the classical period, the desire for gradual dynamic change led to the replacement of the harpsichord by the piano. The late 18th century piano called a fortepiano-weighed much less than the modern piano and had thinner strings held by a frame made of wood rather than metal.

The basso continuo was gradually abandoned during the classical period. One reason was because it became obsolete was that more and more music was written for amateurs, who couldn't master the difficult art of improvising from a figured bass. Second reason is classical composers wanted more control, they preferred to specify an accompaniment rather than trust the judgement of improvisers.

It was a standard group of four sections: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. ex: Strings-1st violins, 2nd violins, violas, cellos, double basses Woodwinds-2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons Brass-2 french horns, 2 trumpets Percussion-2 timpani The number if musicians was greater in a classical orchestra than in a baroque group.

The strings were the most important section, with the first violins taking the melody most of the time and the lower strings providing an accompaniment. The woodwinds added contrasting tone colors and were often given melodic solos. Horns and trumpets brought power to loud passages and filled out the harmony, but they did not usually play the main melody. Timpani were used for a rhythmic bite and emphasis.

1. fast movement 2. Slow movement 3. Dance-related movement 4. Fast movement Classical symphonies and string quartets usually follow this four-movement pattern, whereas classical sonatas may consist of two, three, or four movements.

is written for orchestra

is for two violins, viola, and cello

for one or two instruments

was the first, and was content to spend most of his life serving a wealthy aristocratic family.

born 24 yrs later, couldn't bear being treated as a servant. He broke from his court position and went to Vienna to try his luck as a freelance musician. He was very popular for several yrs, then his fame declined and he died in debt.

was able to work as an independent musician in Vienna. His success was gained through a wider middle-class market for music and a commanding personality that promoted the nobility to give him gifts and treat him as an equal.

was one of the music centers of Europe during the classical period, and Hayden, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active there. 4th largest city in Europe

Haydn and Mozart wrote many outdoor entertainment pieces.

refers to the form of a single movement. It should not be confused with the term sonata, which is used for a whole composition made up of several movements.

consists of 3 main sections: the Exposition, where the themes are presented. The Development, where themes are treated in new ways. And the Recapitulation, where the themes return. The three main sections are often followed by a concluding section, the coda (Italian for tail)

sets up a strong conflict between the tonic key and the new key, and between the first theme and the second theme. It begins with the first theme in the tonic key, or home key. Then comes bridge or transition, leading to the second theme, which is in a new key.

is often the most dramatic section of the movement. Themes are developed, or treated in new ways. They are broken into fragments, or motives, which are short musical ideas developed within a composition.

the beginning of it brings resolution, as we again hear the first theme in the tonic key. In the recapitulation the first theme, bridge, second theme, and concluding section are presented more or less as they were in the exposition, with one difference all the principal material is now in the tonic key.

rounds off a movement by repeating themes or developing them further. IT ALWAYS ENDS IN THE TONIC KEY.

was widely used in the classical period, it is a basic musical idea-the theme-is repeated over and over and is changed in time.

in variations 1 and 3 the original melody is accompanied by a new one.

is often used as the third movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other works. It originated as a dance, it was a stately, dignified dance in which the dancing couple exchanged curtsies and bows. Is written for listening not dancing, it is in triple meter and usually in a moderate tempo, it is in A B A form. the second dance was known as a trio because it was played by 3 instruments.

from the beginning

is usually A B A form and triple meter, but it moves quickly, generating energy, rhythmic drive and rough humor.

a work that is usually light in mood, meant for evening entertainment. it is written for a small string orchestra or for a string quartet plus a double bass.

features a tuneful main theme (A) that returns several times in alternation with other themes. common rondo patterns are A B A C A and A B A C A B A.

contains a development section like that in sonata form and is outlined A B A- development section- A B A.

is an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between 20 - 45 min. exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.

is a 3 movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. It combines the soloist's virtuosity and interpretive abilities with the orchestra's wide range of tone color and dynamics. has 3 movements: fast, slow, and fast. it also has no minuet or scherzo.

in the first movement and sometimes in the last movement, there is a special unaccompanied showpiece for the soloist. indicated in the score by a fermata, a sign meaning pause, which is placed over the chord.

is designed for the intimate setting of a room in a home, rather than a public concert hall. it is performed by a small group of 2 or 9 musicians, with 1 player to a part. Doesn't need a conductor, so it is like a small jazz group.

is the most important form in classical chamber music, written for 2 violins, a viola, and a cello. usually has 4 movements: fast, slow, minuet or scherzo, and fast.

born in Austria, then played for rich families, died in 1809 at the age of 77.

born in Salzburg, Austria, at the age of 8 he wrote a symphony, between the ages of 6 and 15 he was on tour. At the age of 25 he went to Vienna to be a freelance musician.

is a blend of comic and serious opera making fun of the Spanish lover Don Juan.

born in Germany. at age 29 he felt the first symptoms of deafness.

high violins, dun dun dun dundunit, repeated, then slow and that tone is repeated.

sharp picked violins, 1st part repeated 3 times, then gets softer then a loud bang.

two sharp fast strokes of violin then a drawn out tone, repeated, then gets quiet and returns to normal tone.

fast pitched strings of the violin, then dun dun dunnn and repeated, changes tones when a solo violin leads.

pit orchestra of string instruments, starts then stops twice then softly plays, then a male opera signer comes in.

soft violins, then a low viola, then a high pitched flute joins, then a fast past piano keys in the middle of the song.

(clapping) loud dun dun dun dunn repeated, then soft playing and gradually gets louder.

1750-1820, Haydn and Mozart, and early Beethoven.

"The Age of Reason", thinkers gave free rein to the pursuit of truth and the discovery of natural laws, formulated largely by Isaac Newton (1642-1727). French encyclopedists Voltaire (1694-1778) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) espoused the principles of social justice, equality, religious tolerance, and freedom of speech. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Age of Reason gave way to the Age of Revolution.

(founded in 1725), the most successful Parisian concert series. at which the West's first non-court orchestra played a regular schedule of performances. advertised its performances by means of flyers distributed in the streets. To make its offerings accessible to several strata of society, it instituted a two-tiered pricing scale for a subscription series (4 livres for boxes and 2 livres for the pit, roughly $200 and $100 in today's money). Children under fifteen were admitted for half price. The "for profit" concert as we know it today dates from this time.

exemplified social change and championed middle-class values. Made use of everyday characters and situations; it typically employed spoken dialogue and simple songs in place of recitatives and lengthy arias; and it was liberally spiced with sight gags, bawdy humor, and social satire.

the villain is a leading nobleman of the town

a barber outsmarts a count and exposes him to public ridicule. (So seriously did the king of France and the Holy Roman Emperor take the threat of such theatrical satire that they banned the play on which The Marriage of Figaro was based.)

soft-loud

are units that operate together: one opens, the other closes (again, "away"-"home" if you wish).

Many major artists of the eighteenth century journeyed to Rome to absorb the ancient classical style, and what they created in painting and architecture.

Englishwoman, in the Character of Design Listening to the Inspiration of Poetry (1782) shows classical balance (two women and two columns). Not coincidentally, the complementary figures in this painting function as do antecedent-consequent phrases in Classical music: they are somewhat different, but they balance each other.

To avoid a feeling of inactivity when the harmony is static, Classical composers invented new "filler" patterns for accompaniment. Sometimes they simply repeat the accompanying chord in a uniform

named after the minor Italian keyboard composer Domenico Alberti (1710-1740), who popularized this figure. Instead of playing the pitches of a chord all together, the performer spreads them out to provide a continual stream of sound. Mozart used an Alberti bass at the beginning of his famous C major piano sonata (1788). The Alberti bass serves essentially the same function as both the modern "boogie-woogie" bass and the process of "tapping" on a guitar (made famous by Eddie Van Halen). It provides an illusion of harmonic activity for those moments when, in fact, the harmony is not changing.

The careers of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and the young Franz Schubert all unfolded in Vienna, and from Vienna radiated their powerful musical influence. For that reason, we often refer to them collectively as the Viennese School and say that their music epitomizes the "Viennese Classical style."

Was then the capital of the old Holy Roman Empire, a huge expanse covering much of Western and Central Europe. Vienna had a population of 215,000, which made it the fourth-largest city in Europe, after London, Paris, and Naples. Ruled by aristocratic gentry. Served as a cultural mecca.

was the first of the great Classical composers to move to Vienna, and his life offers something of a "rags-to-riches" story. Haydn was born in 1732 in a farmhouse in Rohrau, Austria, about twenty-five miles east of Vienna. His father, a wheelwright, played the harp but could not read music. When the choir director of Saint Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna happened to be scouting for talent in the provinces, he heard the boy soprano Haydn sing and brought him back to the capital. Here Haydn remained as a choirboy, studying the rudiments of composition and learning to play the violin and keyboard. After nearly ten years of service, his voice broke and he was abruptly dismissed. For most of the 1750s, Haydn eked out a "wretched existence," as he called it, much like a freelance musician or aspiring actress might in New York City today. But in 1761, Haydn's years of struggle ended when he was engaged as director of music for the court of Prince Nikolaus Esterházy (1714-1790). For a period of nearly thirty years, Haydn served Nikolaus Esterházy at his remote court on what is today the border of Austria and Hungary. Here he composed symphonies, operas, and string trios in which the prince himself participated. 106 symphonies, about 70 string quartets, nearly a dozen operas, 52 piano sonatas, 14 Masses, and 2 oratorios. He began composing before the death of Bach (1750) and did not put down his pen until about the time Beethoven set to work on his Symphony No. 5 (1808). Thus, Haydn not only witnessed but, more than any other composer, helped to create the mature Classical style.

Were wealthy aristocrats who wintered in Vienna and summered on their extensive landholdings to the southeast. Prince Nikolaus ruled much like a benevolent dictator. But the prince was an autocrat with a fondness for music, maintaining an orchestra, a chapel for singing religious works, and a theater for opera. As was typical of the period, the musician Haydn was considered a servant of his prince and even wore the garb of the domestic help, as can be seen in his portrait. As a condition of his appointment in 1761, Haydn signed a contract stipulating that all the music he composed belonged not to him, but to his aristocratic master.

Hayden's last 12 symphonies. In a series of concerts at the Hanover Square Rooms, a new public concert hall that catered to the growing middle-class demand for classical music.

was born in 1756 in the mountain town of Salzburg, Austria, then a city of about 20,000 residents. His father, Leopold Mozart, was a violinist in the orchestra of the ruling archbishop of Salzburg and the author of a best-selling introduction to playing the violin. Leopold was quick to recognize the musical gifts of his son, who by the age of six was playing the piano, violin, and organ, as well as composing. In 1762, the Mozart family coached off to Vienna, where Wolfgang and his older sister Nannerl displayed their musical wares before Empress Maria Theresa (1717-1780). They then embarked on a three-year tour of Northern Europe that included extended stops in Munich, Brussels, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Geneva. In London, Wolfgang sat on the knee of Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782) and improvised a fugue. And here, at the age of eight, he wrote his first two symphonies. Eventually, the Mozarts made their way back to Salzburg. But in 1768, they were off again to Vienna, where the now twelve-year-old Wolfgang staged a production of his first opera, Bastien und Bastienne, in the home of the famous Dr. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the inventor of the theory of animal magnetism, or hypnotism (hence, "to mesmerize"). The next year father and son visited the major cities of Italy, including Rome, where, on July 8, 1770, the pope dubbed Wolfgang a Knight of the Order of the Golden Spur. "The most universal composer in the history of Western music."

an Enlightenment fraternity, which espoused tolerance and universal brotherhood. Many view Mozart's last opera, Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute, 1791) as a hymn in praise of Masonic ideals.

short, balanced phrases create tuneful melodies; more vocal than instrumental in character

the harmonic rhythm varies dramatically, creating a dynamic flux and flow; simple chordal harmonies made more active by "Alberti" bass

it becomes more stop-and-go; greater rhythmic variety within a single movement

homophonic with a thin bass and middle range, hence it is light and transparent.

antecedent, consequent

instead of having the pitches of a chord sound all together, the notes are played in succession to provide a continual stream of sound

a genre of opera originating in the eighteenth century that portrayed everyday characters and situations, and used spoken dialogue and simple songs

the original name of the piano.

opera buffa

True

the importance of communicating passion no matter what sort of imbalance, contradiction, or formal inconsistency might result

True

False

- the use of crescendos and diminuendos - alternating the mood between themes - quickly changing the texture from light and airy to dense and more contrapuntal - rapid changes in rhythmic patterns

It was the largest city in Europe.

Because he displayed great musical talent as a child, his father forced the boy to practice at all hours with the intent of exploiting him as a child prodigy.

False

Salzburg

Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, and Schubert

His father served as court composer to Joseph II of Austria, and later gave composition lessons to Beethoven

Vienna

as a result of his touring he acquired fame and fortune, and was court composer to Emperor Joseph II from 1780 until his untimely death in 1791

Spanish flamenco

True

He was responsible for an orchestra that was never larger than twenty-five musicians and saw to it that all musicians appeared in uniform and followed instructions.

refer to that artifact's external shape or to the way it is positioned in physical space. (same number of beats per bar and same number of bars per phrase)

standard repertoire

the idea of statement-contrast-repetition is obvious (like twinkle, twinkle, little star)

a stately dance in triple meter, When the minuet appeared as a movement of a symphony or quartet, it came in pairs

Because the second minuet of the pair had originally been played by only three instruments, it was called the trio (also performed in ternary form)

a light, multimovement piece for strings alone or small orchestra, one intended for an evening's entertainment and often performed outdoors. (Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik - A Little Night Music - 1787)

Sonata-allegro form is the most complex of all musical stories, and it tends to result in the longest pieces. A sonata is a genre of music usually involving a solo instrument; sonata-allegro, however, is a form giving structure to a single movement within any one of several genres: a sonata, string quartet, serenade, symphony, even a one-movement overture. from the fact that most sonatas employ this form in the first movement, and the first movement almost always goes fast, or "allegro." four distinctive musical styles found in sonata-allegro form: thematic, transitional, developmental, and cadential (ending).

the composer presents the main themes (or musical personalities) of the movement. It begins with the first theme or theme group, which is always in the tonic key. usually concludes with a closing theme

which carries the music from the tonic to a new key, usually the dominant, and prepares for the arrival of the second theme. The second theme typically contrasts in character with the first; if the first is rapid and assertive, the second may be more languid and lyrical.

As the name indicates, a further working out, or "developing," of the thematic material occurs here. The themes can be extended and varied, or wholly transformed; a character we thought we knew can turn out to have a completely different personality.

is tonal order restored, often by means of a stabilizing pedal point on the dominant note. When the dominant chord (V) finally gives way to the tonic (I), the recapitulation begins.

is not an exact, note-for-note repetition of the exposition, it nonetheless presents the same musical events in the same order. The only change that regularly occurs in this restatement is the rewriting of the transition, or bridge. Because the movement must end in the tonic, the bridge does not modulate to a different key as before, but stays at home in the tonic. Thus, the recapitulation imparts to the listener not only a feeling of return to familiar surroundings but also an increased sense of harmonic stability.

are, without exception, slow and stately, and usually filled with ominous or puzzling chords designed to get the listener wondering what sort of musical excursion he or she is about to take.

indicates, this is a section added to the end of the movement to wrap things up. Like tails, codas can be long or short. no matter how long the coda, most will end with a final cadence in which the harmonic motion slows down to just two chords, dominant and tonic, played over and over, as if to say "the end, the end, the end, THE END." The more these repeat, the greater the feeling of conclusion.

The compulsion to endlessly reimagine a song, an object, or a grammatical phrase

occurs when a melody is altered, decorated, or adorned in some way by changing pitch, rhythm, harmony, or even mode (major or minor). The object is still recognizable but somehow doesn't seem to sound the same.

a simple AB arrangement

must have at least three statements of the refrain (A) and at least two contrasting sections (at lease B and C). is typically light, quick, and jovial in nature.

end

a passage of brilliant technical display by the soloist alone

It utilized the same theme as the minuet, but with lighter scoring.

ritornello form

A few standard forms regulate much of the music.

The second theme is played in the dominant or relative major key.

sonata-allegro

contrast

the end of the development section where the tonality often becomes stabilized on the dominant in preparation for the return of the tonic and the beginning of the recapitulation.

the principal section in which all thematic material is presented

- perhaps the most popular form of the Classical era. - a form that was invented during the Classical period. - a form that has the potential for dramatic presentation, conflict, and resolution. - a dramatic musical form that involves an exposition, development, and recapitulation.

the final and concluding section of a musical composition

the centermost portion of sonata-allegro form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is developed and extended, transformed, or reduced to its essence

a stately dance in triple meter, first developed in the Baroque period

introduction

Mozart composed it for the outdoor wedding reception of a friend.

FALSE

TRUE

ABA

The style conveys an introspective mood of tragedy and despair.

second

French folksong.

- lively in tempo. - a minuet and trio. - in ternary form. - light and elegant, and sometimes spirited in mood.

FALSE

FALSE

a sudden fortissimo chord

refrains

TRUE

valves

second

first and fourth

fourth

third

simply means the type or class of music to which we listen (ex: string quartet, opera aria, country music ballad)

the instrumental genres of symphony, string quartet, sonata, and concerto, and the vocal genre of opera.

is a multimovement composition for orchestra lasting about twenty-five minutes in the Classical period to nearly an hour in the Romantic era. By mid-century the symphony had assumed its now-familiar four-movement format: fast-slow-minuet-fast

The origins of the symphony go back to the late-seventeenth-century Italian opera house, where an opera began with an instrumental sinfonia (literally, "a harmonious sounding together"). Was a one-movement instrumental work in three sections: fast-slow-fast.

To help us keep track of this enormous amount of music, a nineteenth-century musicologist, Ludwig von Köchel, published a list of Mozart's works in approximately chronological order, assigning each a Köchel (K) number.

After the feverish excitement of the opening movement, the slow, lyrical Andante comes as a welcome change of pace.

We expect the aristocratic minuet to provide elegant, graceful dance music (see Figure 8.2). But much to our surprise, Mozart returns to the intense, somber mood of the opening movement. This he does, in part, by choosing to write in the tonic minor key—a rare minuet in minor. This again demonstrates how the minuet had changed from "dance music" to "listening music."

The finale (last movement) starts with an ascending "rocket" that explodes in a rapid, forte flourish—and only carefully rehearsed string playing can pull off this orchestral special effect. The contrasting second theme of this sonata-allegro form movement is typically Mozartean in its grace and charm, a proper foil to the explosive opening melody. Midway through the development, musical compression takes hold: There is no retransition, only a pregnant pause before the recapitulation; the return dispenses with the repeats built into the first theme; and a coda is omitted. This musical foreshortening at the end produces the same psychological effect experienced at the very beginning of the symphony—a feeling of urgency and acceleration.

typifies chamber music—music for the small concert hall, for the private chamber, or just for the enjoyment of the performers themselves. the string quartet normally has four movements, all unified by a common key. the string quartet features only one player per part: first violinist, second violinist, violist, and cellist.

(Italian for "something to be sounded") is a genre of chamber music played on a solo instrument or a solo instrument accompanied by piano. The usual format was three movements (fast-slow-fast), and each movement might be in any one of the preferred Classical forms: sonata-allegro, ternary, rondo, or theme and variations.

Classical concerto, like the symphony, was a large-scale, multi movement work for instrumental soloist and orchestra intended for a public audience.

usually for piano but sometimes for violin, cello, French horn, trumpet, or woodwind. In the new concerto, a single soloist commanded all the audience's attention.

(groups of three) that continue unabated from beginning to end

Which allows the plot to unfold more quickly. Instead of waiting for each character to sing in turn, three or more characters can express their own particular emotions simultaneously, singing together.

Style of German comic opera, is made up of spoken dialogue (instead of recitative) and songs.

a tension-filled chord comprised entirely of minor thirds.

a one-movement orchestral work in three sections (fast-slow-fast) that originated as an overture in seventeenth-century Italian opera

a composition in which an orchestra and a single performer in turn present and develop the musical material in the spirit of harmonious competition

a work, usually in three movements, for keyboard or other solo instrument

it was written to honor the Emperor and came to serve as the Austrian national anthem

- a genre of chamber music - the genre of music, usually in four movements, composed for four string instruments - an instrumental ensemble consisting of a first and second violin, a viola, and a cello - a genre that was developed or "fathered" by Haydn

The sadness in the symphony reflects the composer's difficult personal circumstances—the death of his father and children—during the period immediately preceding the composition of the work.

Haydn disliked composing patriotic music and was embarrassed by the popularity it achieved.

- It is a means of identifying Mozart's compositions. - Köchel numbers arrange Mozart's works in approximate chronological order. - It is a handy way of identifying multiple works of the same genre that are in the same key. - Ludwig Köchel, a nineteenth-century musicologist, first published the list.

a chord made up entirely of minor thirds that produces a tense, unstable sound.

Mozart's principal librettist during the 1780s

a German musical comedy with spoken dialogue, tuneful songs, and topical humor

Recitatives are gradually replaced by arias.

TRUE

TRUE

Die Zauberflöte

a faithful, though reluctant, servant.

- an element derived from comic opera, it was especially favored at the ends of acts to help spark a rousing conclusion - another manifestation of the democratic spirit, and better dramatic sense, of the late eighteenth century - consists of three or more characters who simultaneously sing about their individual responses to the dramatic action - allows the plot to unfold more quickly on stage

diminished chord

A Classical sonata, as we have seen (Chapter 9, "The Sonata"), is a multimovement work for solo instrument or solo instrument with keyboard accompaniment. This particular sonata, for solo piano, is identified as Beethoven's Opus 13, denoting that it is the thirteenth of 135 works that Beethoven published. —"Pathétique" ("Plaintive")—underscoring the passion and pathos he felt within it. Its great drama derives in large part from the juxtaposition of extremes. There are extremes of dynamics (from fortissimo to pianissimo), tempo (grave to presto), and range (from very high to very low).

latin for work

long and lyrical

light and detached

songful

In this confessional document for posterity, like a last will and testament, named after the Viennese suburb in which Beethoven penned.

(1803-1813; also simply termed his "middle period"). His works became longer, more assertive, and full of grand gestures. Simple, often triadic, themes predominate, and these are repeated, sometimes incessantly, as the music swells to majestic proportions. When these themes are played forte and given over to the brass instruments, a heroic, triumphant sound results.

epitomizes the grandiose, heroic style. More than any other single orchestral work, it changed the historical direction of the symphony. It assaults the ear with startling rhythmic effects and chord changes that were shocking to early-nineteenth-century listeners. It makes mountains of sound out of the simplest triads by repeating them with ever-increasing volume. Most novel, the work has biographical content, for the hero of the "Eroica" Symphony, at least originally, was Napoleon Bonaparte

stripping away all extraneous material to get to the core of a musical idea.

meaning joke. And while there is nothing particularly humorous about the mysterious and sometimes threatening sound of the scherzo of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, it is very far removed from the elegant world of the courtly minuet. In ghost-like pizzicatos the conclusion disappears, rather than ends.

The title "Pathétique" was intended to suggest French manners and moods.

piano sonatas

- Its name derives from the village where Beethoven wrote the document. - It was written in despair over his impending deafness. - It is part last will and testament, part artistic manifesto. - In the document he admits that he considered suicide, but that his dedication to art (music) held him back from such a step.

The Austrian emperor asked Beethoven to change the title from "Bonaparte" to "Eroica"; Beethoven complied, but demanded an extra fee.

composed six of his nine symphonies

It is the first symphony to use theme and variations form as one of its movements.

He toured northern Europe for three years and heard his first two symphonies performed in London when he was only eight years old.

TRUE

His career as a virtuoso was cut short due to an injury to his right hand, but he thereafter focused his attention on writing sonatas for left-handed pianists.

He served as court composer to Joseph II of Austria.

He made two visits to London where he was treated as a celebrity and awarded an honorary degree from Oxford.

It is based on a text written by Voltaire, the Enlightenment philosopher.

His music is inherently theatrical and perfectly suited to the genre of opera.

Beethoven embraced the use of Classical forms and genres in his music, but the spirit of his music is one that foreshadows the musical style of the Romantic era.

false

the eventual settlement of the catholics in northern Europe and protestants in italy

true

affection

false

true

carlo gesualdo

chromaticism

increase tempo

polychoral

contrasting sonorities of various voices and instruments did not appeal to the baroque imagination

concertato

giovanni gabrieli

sonata

true

none of the above

a group of intellectuals who discussed and promoted changes in artistic style

monody

the combination of melodic lines in the polyphonic madrigal made it too easy to understand the words

true

homophony

1750

true

strange and impassioned

lack of interest in religion

the support of the public

true

true

false

true

bay psalm book

Galileo

true

all of the above

isaac newton

the invention of the metronome in 1816

peace

buildings project a sense of repose and stability

light

hals

true

homophonic texture becoming more important than polyphony

the fugue

true

true

tonal

tonic

true

false

true

claudio monteverdi

giovanni gabrieli

carlos gesualdos

true

text

all of the voices are nearly equal in importance

the texture is usually homophonic

true

he used the old stile antico for madrigals recognizing certain tonal principles

intermedii

Madrigals

true

libretto

all of the above

true

a solo singer could combine beautiful music with dramatic text expression

the melody of a recitative unnatural inflections

an aria has unmetered rhythm

true

claudio monteverdi

recitative

venice

bel canto

close attention to the recitatives and the dramatic integrity of the story

true

prima donna

true

ballad

robert gray

George Frideric Handel

religious subject matter

true

messiah

Johann Sebastian Bachs

passions

false

cantatas

sung

false

true

the lute continued to increase in popularity and importance

harpischord

organ

terraced

covering the pipes with dampers

true

fugue

false

answer

exposition

prelude

false

well-tempered clavier

true

keyboard

prelude

toccata

fugue

ostinato

suites

drone bass

continuo

figured bass

realizing

violins

true

four

corelli

false

fast-slow-fast

false

concertato

Vivaldi

Vivaldi

the expressive style

ornamentation became even more ornate

true

paris

France was a secular, materialistic, society marked by loose morals and the pursuit of pleasure.

furniture was beautifully made but uncomfortable and of little use.

false

true

homophonic

francis couperin

domenico scarlatti

keyboard works

expressive

middle class

carl philipp emanuel bach

1750-1825

true

Hayden and Mozart

Vienna

referring to a work of art that is new, innovative, and sure to become popular.

all of the above

to encourage mystic, supernatural, and religious beliefs.

enlightenment

false

true

false

J.B.S. Chardin

neoclassic

William Hogarth

Sir Joshua Reynolds

Houdon

true

prose

english

true

true

Hayden

composers embraced Baroquw intensity of religious feeling

homophony

Paris

true

form

Mozart, Hayden and Beethoven

true

symphony

narrowing the Baroque conception of the orchestra

mannheim

terraced dynamics

Franz Joseph Hayden

false

standardizing the number of movements for certain types of works.

symphony

true

true

three

cadenza

toward the end of a movement

false

trill

true

chamber

true

true

the same family

string quartet

two violins, viola, and cello.

first violin

four

sonata

true

toccata-allegro form.

true

exposition, development, and recapitulation.

the exposition changes key but the recapitulation does not.

coda

true

false

minuet and trio

true

true

ABACA

false

Christoph Willibald Gluck

reform

ballet

Orgeo and Euridice

including many da capo arias because of their intense dramatic quality.

overture

Jean Jacques Rousseau

false

comic

true

true

La Serva Padrona

finale

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Although Mozart had a short life that was marked by financial difficulties

classical restraint and proportion are often abandoned.

true

true

false

expressive passages in homophonic texture were used.

true

true

requiem

1789

a powerful monarch to rule the country by divine right.

false

1815

Jean Jacques Rousseau

true

truw

even as music performance moved from the private chamber to the public concert hall, the quality and quantity of music remained unchanged.

180

false

true

action

false

valves and pistons

metronome

Franz Schubert

less precise notation than was used previously.

false

false

Ludwig van Beethoven

all of these

scherzo and trio

false

sonata rondo

his music shows a lack of sudden mood changes, to the point of being static.

three

true

Franz Schubert

form

ture

lieder

cycles

chorus and orchestra

the galloping horse

organized sound

true

pitch

dynamic

both of these

true

true

frequency

higher

false

A through G

true

higher

lower

notated

five lines and four spaces

clef

G

F

interval

true

second

third

octave

all of the above

false

loud

very soft

very loud

moderately soft

true

false

becoming softer

becoming louder

a number of instruments or voices may be added or taken away.

true

long and short sounds

measured silence

rate of speed

tempo

metronome

all the above

metrical patterns called measures

time

true

march

literary prose

poetry

measures

true

two

three

four

fasle

false

supposition

syncopation

false

ragtime

strains

half note

quarter note

whole note

eight note

false

false

false

upbeat

true

true

phrases

cadences

a b

abab modified

aaba modified

contour

stepwise

disjunct

false

false

ostinato

three blind mice

jingle bells

true

tune

motive

lyrical

theme

half step

true

half step

true

false

five whole steps and two half steps

diatonic

WWHWWWH

WHWWHWW

tonic

key

false

half steps

tonic

true

pentatonic

merrily we roll along

true

strophic

refrain

true

false

false

consonance

dissonant

false

octave

false

chord

dissonance resolves the tension created by consonance.

all of the above

thirds

tonal

true

tonal

false

dominant

true

subdominant

true

none of the above

texture

monophony

polyphony

homophony

polyphonic

homophonic

false

1600's

false

timbre

true

true

all of the above

false

true

false

true

French horns, violins, drums, and pianos.

by blowing gently into the soundhole.

harp

all of the above

clarinet

french horn

true

xylophone

cymbals

false

plectrum

false

sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.

sustain tones after the keys have been lifted.

with a wider range of dynamic levels.

true

pipe organ

stops

synsthesizer

true

true

hearing a live performance

all of the above

true

false

Listening to different recordings of the same work

concertmaster

oboist

A

true

conductor

true

true

smaller

repetition and contrast

In order to understand and appreciate the form of a musical work, a listener must

symphony

true

concerto

program

tempo

brass

true

-Philosophers & writers considered it the "Age of Enlightenment." -Ideals of human equality and freedom grew -American and French Revolution took place.

Polyphonic; Homophonic

More and more music was written for amateurs who couldn't master the difficult art of improvising from a figured bass.

-EARLY composers wrote pieces that were easy for amateurs to play. -Composers wrote more COMIC operas, some w/ plots that ridiculed the aristocracy. -Composers used FOLK SONGS as theres an instrumental music and composed melodies w/ a rustic (country) flavor.

A phrase w/ an INCONCLUSIVE followed by a phrase w/ a CONCLUSIVE ending.

Polyphony

-Change in rhythm within MOVEMENT -Change from one rhythmic pattern to another might be SUDDEN or GRADUAL -Has unexpected PAUSES & SYNCOPATION

-FRENCH HORNS & CLARINET began to be used. -Used STRINGS, WIND, BRASS, AND PERCUSSION instruments.

Fast/slow/dance-related/fast

Mozart Haydn Beethoven

-Emphasizing BALANCE through unity & logic w/ a wide emotional range -Firmly controlled changed of mood in music, however abrupt or extreme the change may be.

-Left position as court musician in early life -Worked as a freelance musician -Fell into debt after his popularity w. musical public declined:(

-Bought tickets to see orchestras and shows -Paid for family to take musical lessons -Bought instruments & printed music for use in home

Strings Woodwinds Brass

Rhythm

-Folk or popular style -Easy to remember -Tuneful

-From DRAMATIC to CAREFREE moods -Multiple themes -Contrasts within themes

-Can shift flexibly from one texture to another -More HOMOPHONIC than POLYPHONIC

-Have CONTRASTING SECTIONS with different themes and tonalities -Balance & release of tension would be achieved by the end of the movement

TRUE

Beethoven Mozart Haydn

-Use 2 or more THEMES in ONE MOVEMENT -Have music pause to signal the entrance of new theme -Contrast themes vividly

-FRENCH HORNS & TRUMPETS strengthened loud passages but could play more quietly to fill out the harmony -1st VIOLINS usually played the MELODY, and LOWER STRINGS played the ACCOMPANIMENT. -The WOODWINDS provided tone colors that contrasted w/ that of the violins & even played the melody.

Monumental baroque-->Graceful rococo-->neoclassical

-Spent most of his life working for an aristocratic family. -Composed music ordered by his employer -Status was a skilled servant

1. Polyphony -->Tuneful melody & simple harmony-->contrasts of mood & theme-->balance & clarity 2. Baroque -->preclassical-->style galant(rococo)-->classical

-Many nobility treated him as their equal -Enjoyed success thanks to a growing middle class audience

-Aristocrats sometimes accompanied musicians, including Empress Maria Therera & Empire Joseph II. -Street musicians could perform profitably there & be hired to play for outdoor garden parties -Aristocrats from all over the Holy Roman Empire spent the winter there, bringing their private orchestras with them.

Composers emphasized balance thru unity and logic in music with a wide emotional range. Composers firmly controlled changes of mood in their music, however abrupt or extreme the change might be.

Pathetique

More and more music was written for amateurs who could not master the difficult art of improvising from a figured bass.

Clarinet began to be used. Its used string, wind, brass and percussion instruments.

A phrase with an inconclusive ending followed by a phrase with a conclusive ending

Each variation is usually about the same length as the theme

Dynamics

Philosophers and writers considered it an "age of enlightenment." The ideals of human equality and freedom grew in prominence. American and French Revolution took place.

Minuet-trio-minuet

Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn

FALSE. Flexibility and rhythm adds variety ot classical music

Robust, direct and with a sense of optimism and humor, it was influenced by folk music and his love of nature.

monumental baroque - graceful rococo - neoclassical

Fast/slow/dance-related/fast

A rondo can be an independent movement or the final movement of a multi-movement work such as a symphony or sonata. Rondo pattern A B A C A B A the C theme may be replaced by a development section to create a sonata-rondo.

Using the classical forms and techniques of Morzart and Haydn, Beethoven added innovations that bridged the classic and romantic areas. Beethoven's music has strong tension and dissonances, wide ranges of pitch and dynamics, and titanic climaxes. Composed long movements yet used various means of unity to give his works cohesion.

Polyphonic, homophonic

Composed music ordered by his employer. Spent most of his life working for one aristocratic family. Haydn's status was that of a skilled servant.

Sometimes the minuet and trio is the second movement and the slow movement is the third

Is in a key other than the tonic key of the other movements. Slow tempo and song-like theme. May be in sonata (sonata-allegro) form or theme and variations form.

They purchased instruments and printed music for use in the home. They bought tickets to public concerts of symphonies and concertos. The paid for music lessons for family members.

Finale movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony calls for four vocal soloists and choir. Beethoven completed nine symphonies. They are entirely instrumental except the Ninth symphony. Beethoven's odd numbered symphonies are powerful and assertive his even numbered symphonies are calm and lyrical.

A tuneful main theme returns in alternation with other themes (as in the form ABACA)

The point in the movement when the cadenza is to be played is indicated by a fermata. The orchestra momentarily stops playing while the soloist plays dazzling scale passages and broken chords. Cadenzas were originally improvised but later were written out by the composer.

Early classical composers wrote pieces that were easy for amateurs to play. Classical composers used folk songs as themes in instrumental music and composed melodies with rustic (country) flavor. Classical composers wrote more comic operas some with plots that ridiculed the aristocracy.

The finale is a triumphant climax to the work. Finished in 1808

Exposition-development-recapitulation-coda

Beethoven's fourth movement tended to be more triumphant in character.

It may have a slow introduction, it is usually in sonata form, it has fast tempo and dramatic mood

Ability to bring characters to life through music by drawing on his inexhaustible gift for melody. Keen sense of theater with humorous and serious characters in his comic opera plots. Coordination of music and stage action.

TRUE

Violin, cello and piano. Two violins, viola and cello. violin and piano

Cadenza

Innovative harmonies contrasting with song like lyricism. Balance, restraint, and proportion. Ease, grace and spontaneity.

The selection is an operatic ensemble in which several led characters are heard singing different words simultaneously. The selection is form Act 1 Mozart's opera Don Giovanni

The failure of the opera Don Giovanni in Vienna led to a decline in Mozart's popularity

Piano sonata in C Minor Op 13 movement I by Beethoven

Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas benefited from the expanded capabilities resulting from advances in the manufacture of the piano. Experimented and tested new ideas in his piano sonatas some of which were then used in his string quartets and symphonies.

Polyphony-tuneful melody and simple harmony-contrasts of mood and theme- balance and clarity. Baroque-preclassical-style galant (rococo) - classical

String quartets, piano concertos, and symphonies

The character leporello is a comical servant who dreams of being in his master Don Giovanni's place. Cemetery statue of military officer whom Don Giovanni murdered miraculously come to life. The libretto combines elements of comic opera (slapstick humor) with serious opera (violence and immorality)

First movement is in sonata allegro form with two expositions. Begins with only the orchestra playing. There is no modulation to a new key until near the end of the second exposition.

Mozart, Don Giovanni, Act I Aria by Leoporello

Scherzo

Skilled servant, Entered the service of the Esterhazy family for whom he worked for almost thirty years. Haydn composed a vast amount of music in many forms.

used ear trumpets and in conversations people had to write their questions comments in notebooks. After 1818 out of total deafness Beethoven composed magnificent piano sonatas, string, quartets and the Ninth Symphony. After age 44 he was so deaf he could not perform piano in public and his conducting was ineffective.

His music became popular all over Europe. He composed twelve symphonies for performance in London in the 1790s. Choruses and orchestras were formed solely to perform his oratories, the Creation and The Seasons.

Aristocrats in Vienna were sometimes accomplished musicians including the Empress Maria Theresa and the Emperor Joseph II. Aristocrats from all over the holy roman empire spent the winter there bringing their private orchestras with them. Street musicians could perform profitably in Vienna and be hired to play for outdoor garden parties.

The 2nd movement of Haydn's Symphony No 94 in G Major

Haydn, Beethoven, and Mozart

Haydn, Trumpet Concerto in E flat Major Third Movement

This is a rondo theme in the style of a Gypsy violinist playing a folk dance. Like many rondo themes this one is lively and easy to remember

Woodwinds and strings play the short-short-short-long rhythmic idea that unifies the symphony. A Bridge following the third movement connects the fourth movement. The trumpets proclaim the main theme of the final movement.

A lyric theme in the woodwinds becomes a loud theme in the brass instruments.

Entry of the lyric 2nd theme in the exposition of a movement in sonata from following the end of the bridge. Conclusion of the bridge in the exposition of a movement in sonata form. A bass line that emphasizes the arrival at a new key.

Ease, grace, and spontaneity. Innovative harmonies contrasting with song like lyricism. balance, restraint and proportion.

Polyphony-tuneful melody and simple harmony-contrasts of mood and theme-balance and clarity. Baroque-preclassical-style galant (rococo)-classica

A change from one rhythmic pattern to another might be sudden or gradual. Had changes in rhythmic within a movement. Unexpected pauses and syncopation.

Written Oct 1785 to May 1786. The lyrical and elegant mood of this concerto and its key of A major is shared by a love duet in Don Giovanni and the clarinet concerto in A major. Mozart wrote that this concerto was one of "the compositions I keep for myself."

Pathetique

- innovative harmonies contrasting with song-like lyricism - balance, restraint, and proportion - ease, grace, and spontaneity

continuo

sometimes the minuet and trio is the second movement, and the slow movement is the third.

- he fell int debt after his popularity with the musical public declined - he left his position as a court musician in early life - he worked as a freelance musician

- a slow introduction may precede a fast tempo for the rest of the movement. - it is usually in sonata (sonata-allegro) form. - it has fast tempo and dramatic mood

dynamics.

- ability to bring characters to life through music by drawing on his inexhaustible gift for melody - coordination of music and stage action - keen sense of theater, with humorous and serious characters in his comic opera plots.

polyphonic; homophonic

- polyphony > tuneful melody and simple harmony > contrasts of mood and theme > balance and clarity - baroque > preclassical > style galant (rococo) > classical

each variation is usually about the same length as the theme.

Fast/slow/dance-related/fast

- Cadenzas were originally improvised but later were written out by the composer. - The orchestra momentarily stops playing while the soloist plays dazzling scale passages and broken chords. - The point in the movement when the cadenza is to be played is indicated by a fermata.

- woodwinds - strings - brass

minuet > trio > minuet

- Beethoven - Haydn - Mozart

A phrase with an inconclusive ending followed by a phrase with a conclusive ending

- There are many ways of combining the soloist and orchestra, such as the soloist accompanying the orchestra when it has the theme. - The classical concerto combines the wide range of dynamics and tone colors of the orchestra with the curiosity of the soloist. - the classical concerto is a three-movement work for instrumental soloist and orchestra.

A tuneful main theme returns in alteration with other themes (as in the form ABACA).

False

monumental baroque > graceful rococo > neoclassical

- Beethoven's first style period (up to 1802) showed Beethoven's unique style emerging from the influence of Haydn and Mozart. - During his third style period (1814-1827), Beethoven wrote fugues and surprisingly "modern" music that was difficult the play.

- The first movement begins with only the orchestra playing. - The first movement is in sonata (sonata-allegro) form with two expositions. - There is no modulation to a new key until near the end of the second exposition.

- A classical era movement had contrasts within themes. - Classical music fluctuated from dramatic to carefree moods. - A classical-era movement had multiple themes.

- It was influenced by folk music and his love of nature. - It often had a sense of humor. - It was robust, direct, and with a sense of optimism.

- Classical composers wrote more comic operas, some with plots that ridiculed the aristocracy. - Early classical composers wrote pieces that were easy for amateurs to play. - Classical composers used folk songs as themes in instrumental music and composed melodies with a rustic (country) flavor.

- Beethoven composed long movements, yet used various means of unity to give his works cohesion. - Using the classical forms and techniques of Mozart and Haydn, Beethoven added innovations that bridged the classic and romantic eras. - Beethoven's music has strong tension and dissonances, wide ranges of pitch and dynamics, and titanic climaxes.

first theme > bridge > second theme > closing section > repeat from the beginning

- Variety was created from many changes in texture, key, rhythm, dynamics, and orchestration. - Haydn was prone to modifying rules of composition and experimenting with the new methods or forms. - Haydn's themes are often humorous, achieved by unexpected pauses and sudden shifts in tempo, dynamics, or pitch.

- They bought tickets to public concerts of symphonies and concertos. - They paid for music lessons for family members. - They purchased instruments and printed music for use in the home.

- Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas benefited from the expanded capabilities resulting from advances in the manufacture of the piano. - Beethoven experimented and tested new ideas in his piano sonatas, some of which were then used in his string quartets. - Beethoven experimented and tested new ideas in his piano sonatas, some of which were then used in his symphonies.

- In classical music, a change from one rhythmic pattern to another might be sudden or gradual. - Classical music has unexpected pauses and syncopations. - Classical music had changes in rhythm within a movement.

- Beethoven completed nine symphonies. They are entirely instrumental, except the Ninth Symphony. - The Finale movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony calls for four vocal soloists and a choir. - Beethoven's odd-numbered symphonies are powerful and assertive; his even-numbered symphonies are clam and lyrical.

scherzo.

- In the rondo pattern A B A C A B A, the C theme may be replaced by a development section to create a sonata-rondo. - A rondo can be an independent movement or the final movement of a multimovement work such as a symphony or sonata.

- Voltaire and other philosophers believed in progress. - Political and economic power shifted from the aristocracy to the middle class. - Human conduct was increasingly guided by reason rather than custom or tradition.

- This concerto was written in a period (October 1785 to May 1786) when Mozart composed a number of important concertos, operas, and other music. - The lyrical and elegant mood of this concerto and its key of A major is shared by a love duet in Don Giovanni and the Clarinet Concerto in A Major. - Mozart wrote that this concerto was one of "the compositions I keep for myself..."

The failure of the opera Don Giovanni in Vienna led to a decline in Mozart's popularity.

True

- After 1818, out of total deafness, Beethoven composed magnificent piano sonatas, string quartets, and the Ninth Symphony. - Beethoven used ear trumpets, and in conversations, people had to write their questions and comments in notebooks for him to read. - After age 44, Beethoven was so deaf he could not perform piano in public, and his conducting was ineffective.

- Soon after arriving in Vienna, Beethoven became popular with the public and nobility alike. - Beethoven began to go deaf in his late twenties but found new determination to be a composer in his Heiligenstadt Testament (1802).

- Beethoven - Mozart - Haydn

- He composed twelve symphonies for performance in London in the 1790s. - His music became popular all over Europe. - Choruses and orchestras were formed solely to perform his oratorios The Creation and The Seasons.

exposition > development > recapitulation > coda

With Beethoven, the fourth movements tended to be more triumphant in character.

- As an adolescent, Beethoven impressed Mozart with his performance skills. - Before he was a teenager he had several piano pieces published. - He was born in Bonn, Germany, into a musical family.

- He learned the characteristic music of each country and city he visited, such as opera in Italy. - He was a child prodigy who toured throughout Europe, performing before the public and before Louis XV of France and other royalty. - He could improvise fugues at age 6, compose symphonies by age 8, and wrote an opera at age 12.

- Haydn entered the service of the Esterhazy family, for whom he worked for almost thirty years. - Haydn composed a vast amount of music in many forms. - Haydn was given the rank of skilled servant.

the bridge between the first and second themes does not modulate, and the second theme is in the tonic key.

The second movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 94 in g Major

- Haydn was born in an Austrian village. - For a time, Haydn was a poor street musician. - Haydn served as a choirboy in Vienna.

1750-1820

Preclassical : the transition from Baroque style to the full flowering of the classical, roughly 1730-1770. Classical: Refer to Greek or Roman antiquity; 1750-1820

A style of light, graceful music, comparable to the Rococo style.

May change gradually or suddenly, expressing conflicting surges of elation and depression

Adds variety, includes unexpected pauses, syncopation and frequent changes from long notes to shorter notes

Home phone, treated as flexibly as rhythm, can change from a homophonic to a polyphonic

Ground balanced and symmetrical because they are frequently made up of 2 phrases of the same length 2nd may begin like the 1st but end more conclusively

Crescendo and decrescendos were an electrifying novelty with gradual change not restricting

More and more music was written for amateurs and classical composers wanted more control

Because the Piano was not as interesting during the Baroque period the classical period brought it into their music and the way it was presented it took off.

Standard group of four sections: strings, Woodwinds, brass, and percussion

A form of 1st movement; consisting of 3 main sections: 1- Exposition: theme are presented; 2- Development: themes are treated in new ways; 3- Recapitulation: themes return

Theme: is repeated overs and over and Is changed each time variation will change ABCD Variation: about the same length as the theme, is unique and may differ in mood from the theme.

Tuneful theme returns several times in alternation with other themes like ABCA & ABACABA; lively, pleasing and simple to remember

Is a combination of elements from sonata form to produce a sonata-rondo ABA - development section -ABA

2 slow movement 3 Dance related movement 4 Fast movement

Minuet- Written for listening, it is a triple meter ((3/4) , usually in a moderate tempo, movement is in ABA form Trio- is usually quieter, requires fewer instruments, contains woodwind solos

Whole composition make up of several movement

Is an extended, ambitious typically lasting between 20-45 minutes, exploiting the expanded twanged of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra. Has 4 movements which has a wide range of emotions

Light in mood, meant for evening entertainment. Written for small orchestra or for a string quartet plus a double bass

Is a 3 movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra

Italian for Cadence. Near the end of the movement, the orchestra suspends forward motion by briefly sustaining a dissonant chord

Is designed for the intimate setting of a room (chamber) in a home or palace, performed by a small group of 2-9 musicians with 1 player to a part

Written for 2 violins, a viola, and a cello

1732-1809; was the pathfinder for the classical style, a pioneer in the development of the symphony and string quartet. Composed The Creation; The Seasons; Symphony 94

1756-1791; was among the most versAtile of all composers: he wrote masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time. He composed; The Marriage of Figaro; Don Giovanni, and Cost Fan Tutte-All women Behave Like This.

1770-1827, opened new realms of musical expression that profoundly influenced composers throughout the 19th century. Composed Piano Sonata, Symphony No 5 , and Symphony No 6

the coda

It has a march like character

True

A-B-A

False

False

used more chromatic harmonies

quasi una fantasia

False

True

recapitulation

the most gifted child prodigy in the history of music.

Requiem

True

the orchestra

the poet Rellstab shortly after the composer's death

True

is in a modified song form

all of the above

False

True

Salzburg

True

Operas

All of these choices

is German for "A Little Night Music."

False

True

father

True

J.C. Bach

Vienna

False

a serenade

the piano

He dies at the age of 65

a Requiem mass

four

No. 3

Metastasio

opera seria

True

comic

his last work, incomplete at his death

the Bible

True

True

Bonn, Germany

True

True

Salzburg

False

Beethoven's Missa Solemnis

All of the above

The piano provided women with a socially acceptable performance outlet

piano

False

True

Clara Schumann

True

strophic

symphony

True

love, longing, and nature

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

popular songs sung in a country's native language

Goethe

False

The composers were always well known

Poland

all of the above

Paris

a song cycle

False

more than 600

False

True

False

Heinrich heine

True

piano

False

When Johnny Comes Marching Home

sister

Felix Menddelssohn

all of the above

the modern piano style

short, lyric piano pieces

False

True

Robert Schumann

Felix Mendelssohn

a chant from the Mass for the Dead

String Quartet in B-flat Major

Liszt

incidental music

Russia

all of the above

four

the aristocratic palace to the public concert hall

Clara Schumann

programmatic images

Vienna

False

a program symphony

France

Typical of French music, the emotions are restrained

True

a symphonic poem

False

True

fast-slow-dance-fast

Brahms

four

True

Piave

True

separate arias

True

part song

False

False

True

False

symbolism

Gilda, Rogoletto's daughter

quartet

It featured elaborate recitatives and arias

False

True

False

The Requiem was dedicated to the memory of the poet Manzoni.

False

False

True

True

The Manzoni Requiem

True

Die Meistersingers von Nuremburg

True

all of the above

True

Felix Mendelssohn

The Ring of the Nibelung

Franz Liszt

music dramas

true

false

enigmatic scale

all of the above

nabucco

King Ludwig II of Bavaria

music dramas

Diaghilev

A-A-B

True

true

true

Satchmo

a note whose pitch drops slightly

trumpet

false

false

"Scenes of Pagan Russia"

true

Louis M. Gottschalk

true

new orleans

false

billie holliday

all of these

all of these

louis armstrong

Duke Ellington

true

false

true

swing

swing

true

False

False

John Cage

Porgy and Bess

Alexander's Ragtime Band

4'33''

the Javanese gamelan

incorporate African American blues and jazz styles into his compositions.

False

complex rhythms, including polyrhythms and ostinatos.

True

Charleston, South Carolina

true

true

C & D

musique concrete

true

Edgard Varese

none of the above

the entry of the United States into WWII.

Peter Sellars

True

false

true

the ringing of bells

true

false

false

all of the above

her brother

Wagner

true

the red violin

religious choral music

source music

John Adams

true

false

russian orthodox

all of the above

the ringing of bells

true

true

true

minimalism

estonia

true

round

true

monophonic

True

True

consonant

motive

false

Sound is created when air flows through pipes controlled by the organist, Some organs have more than one keyboard, including one played by the feet The sound of an organ can be imitated by electric keyboards and synthesizers

true

Imitation

true

bass drum

The climax

an upbeat

adagio

striking or shaking:

False

False

True

heterophony

True

True

pizzicato

False

False

False

the oboe

False

Rock-a-bye Baby

the writing of the Magna Carta

the cantor

True

True

without any instrumental accompaniment

False

True

the Virgin Mary

Apollo

False

True

True

True

I, IV, and V

False

True

True

Palestrina

False

the Mass

a cappella performance

the building of great cathedrals,the founding of universities, and the rise of the bourgeoisie

visions that foretold the future, founding her own convent and writing religious poetry

True

the madrigal

True

careful musical pictorialization of specific images

devotional services

True

True

True

False

Western art music

True

This was known as: the Counter-Reformation

ronde

twelve

St: Mark's of Venice

False

It has a lowered third degree

False

thinking centered on human issues and individuality, inspiration from the ancient cultures of Greece and Rome, and independence from traditional and religion

True

Greek mythology

True

Frederick the Great:

True

False

True

False

True

True

sonata da camera

St: Mark's of Venice

Gluck

1600-1750

elaborate scenery

True

the sarabande

True

False

a fuging tune

True

True

Venice

True

True

it usually has two keyboards, rather than one, its strings are plucked rather than struck, it is not capable of a wide dynamic range

True

True

False

motives

the oratorio

Florentine Camerata

Palestrina

The Florentine Camerata

False

True

True

as servants to royalty or nobility, as members of the church, and as employees of a free city

cello and harpsichord

False

Messiah

False

True

True

False

a ground bass

one-movement binary form

a fugal chorale

2: False

A-B-B-A, with ground bass

False

binary

True

They avoid ritornello form

True

True

True

False

a girls' school production in Chelsy:

True

episodes

False

the piano:

True

the most gifted child prodigy in the history of music

sonata-allegro

True

True

helps with solving math problems

a motive

False

2 violins, viola, and cello

recapitulation

True

a march-like character

True

the development

False

False

True

True

a double exposition

True

False

True

False

minuet and trio form

three

True

True

the poet Rellstab shortly after the composer's death

It is the basis of a theme and variations movement

trombone

False

True

9

True

Cherubino

Prince Esterhazy

Handel

False

False

True

a Turkish military ensemble

True

Schiller

Turkey

False

woman virtuoso pianist, student of Mozart, blind since birth

True

Lorenzo da Ponte

composes a dramatic C-minor overture

the French Revolution

three

These are known as: rocket themes

False

sonata-allegro form

opera seria

the cadenza

True

True

sonata

True

Wellington's victory over Napoleon:

There is no break between the third and fourth movements

True

recitative

False

False

False

cyclical form

False

is a modified song form

True

True

False

False

False

Guillaume Du Fay

1397

1474

This movement, which is the opening movement of the mass, is divided into three sections based on the text. Each section begins with 3 of the 4 voice parts; the tenor joins later and has the slower moving fixed tune (cantus firmus)

"fixed melody", usually of very long notes, often based on a fragment of Gregorian chant that served as the structural basis for a polyphonic composition, particularly in the Renaissance

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

1525

1594

Monophonic chant opening, Changes of density and texture set in various registers, A cappella performance, Clearly audible text set syllabically, Alternation of homorhythmic and polyphonic textures, Full, consonant harmony

all parts sing different notes or rhythms at the same time

single melodic line without supporting harmonies

where all the voices move in the same rythm

John Farmer

fl 1591

1601

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685

1750

imitative treatment of the familiar tune in all voice parts and in the trumpets. Dense polyphonic texture created between chorus and orchestra for each line of text, Canon on chorale tune heard in the instruments , played in augmentation

Same sequence as someone else but one beat after.

the statement of a theme in notes of greater duration (usually twice the length of the original)

Antonio Vivaldi

1678

1741

Musical pictorialization of images of spring, based on the poem, Virtuosity of solo violin part, with fast-running scales and trills. Recurring theme

short recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto

a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it

George Frideric Handel

1685

1759

tenary form, section with dotted rhythms, followed by a return of the opening material, Fanfare-like opening with quick exchanges between brass and strings. Percussion (timpani) added to orchestra.

3 part form. The piece divides into 3 parts of which the 3rd is an exact repeat, or almost so, of the first part

a musical form consisting of two units (A and B) constructed to balance and complement each other

a short lively tune played on brass instruments

Joseph Haydn

1732

1809

Folklike character, with strongly syncopated dance rhythms, Opening theme introduced by first violin, stated in 2 parts, each repeated (A-A-B-B), First violin dominates the melody throughout, Shift from opening minor key (D minor) to brighter, major key (D major)

a piece of music based in the minor scale, with a sad or haunting sound

a piece of music based in the major scale, Scale built on thee formula of two whole steps, one half step, three whole steps, one half step.

temporary irregularity in musical rhythm

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1756

1791

Sonata-Allegro form, Intimate string chamber music style. Quick-paced movement with 3 themes, sonata-allegro form Overall homophonic texture. First theme is disjunt, marchlike, and ascends quickly (rocket theme); second theme, graceful and conjunct.

Classical period, dramatic musical form involving exposition, development, and recapitulation, with optional introduction and coda

quickly ascending rhythmic melody used in Classical-era instrumental music; the technique is credited to the composers in Mannheim, Germany

musical texture which focuses on a single melody with accompaning harmonies (mainly chordal)

progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major second

melody that moves in stepwise motion without major skips and leaps between the intervals, Smooth, connected melody that moves principally in stepwise motion,

the highness or lowness of a particular sound

number of vibrations per second.

volume or loudness of sound

the tune in music, a sequence of moving pitches that create thought

span of pitches

general shape of a melody.

distances between any two pitches of a melody.

a unit that makes up a melody

a melody accompanied by a second melody

the point where the musician takes a deep breath, the punctuation for music.

the movement of music in time.

the basic unit of rhythm.

first beat of any patter

the last beat of a measure

a weak beat

the organized pattern of rhythmic pulses

a simple marching meter (left-right-left-right)

a simple meter that has three beats to a measure and is often used for waltzes

a simple that has four beats to a measure with the primary accent on first beat and second strongest on the third

a meter where the beat is divided into three

what marks of meter, contains a fixed number of beats

a term used to describe simultaneous events in music, also the movement of one chord to the next

three or more notes all sound together at once.

interval of eight notes

group of eight pitches arranged in ascending and descending order

a combination of three notes or tones

the first note of a scale or key, also called a keynote

a combination of tones that are dcordant

a combination of tones that need to be resolved

The resolving of dsonance, notes are pleasing to the ears

the sustained sounding of one or more tones for harmonic support, common in Asian and folk music

the combination of two or more simultaneous melodic lines

melody repeated with each stanza

solemn or very, very slow.

broad or very slow

quite slow.

a walking pace.

of course moderate.

a fast or cheerful pace.

a lively pace.

very fast.

very.

less.

a little.

not too much

very soft.

very soft

moderately soft

loud

moderately loud.

a very loud piece of music.

to accent a single note or cord

instruments that produce sound by using air., horns, bagpipes, whistles and accordions.

produce sound from vibrating sting that is stretched between two separate points, Violins, sitars, guitars, harps and Chinese yangquins

instrument that produces sound by vibration of materials they are made of

instrument that makes sound when its stretched membrane is struck or rubbed