Motor Behavior Final Review

1. "When assessing performance and making instructional decisions, which of the following must be considered?" A. The learner B. The task C. The environment in which the task is performed D. All of the above

Which of the following are NOT true of learning? A. It results in a relatively permanent change in behavior. B. It is directly observable. C. It is the result of practice and or experience. D. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is true of performance? A. It is defined as the act of executing a skill. B. It is observable. C. It is used to infer learning. D. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is NOT true of motor skills A. Body and/or limb movements are required. B. They must be learned. C. They are goal oriented. D. They can be performed involuntarily.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a motor skill? A. Football punt B. Knee-jerk reflex C. Sewing on a button D. Taping someone's ankle

Taxonomies are used to do which of the following? A. Indicate one's level of proficiency. B. Determine the amount of time that will be required to learn a motor skill. C. Classify motor skills in terms of common elements. D. Determine the level of fatigue associated with a motor skill.

Skills can be classified according to __________. A. The predictability of the environment in which the skill is performed B. The nature of their organization C. The degree of precision of their movements and corresponding size of the musculature used to perform D. All of the above

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill? A. Typing on a laptop keyboard B. Swimming the freestyle stroke C. Walking with crutches D. Cross-country skiing

A fine motor skill is one that A. Places less emphasis on precision of movement B. Generally involves multi-limb movements C. Requires the use of large muscles D. Tend to be manipulative in nature

A discrete skill A. Has beginning and ending points that are either arbitrary or determined by some environmental factor rather than by the task itself B. Tend to be repetitive in nature C. Has beginning and end points that are clearly defined D. A and B only

What is the process by which meaning is attached to input? A. Stimuli B. Information processing C. Perception D. Affordances

The action possibilities of the environment and task in relation to the perceiver�s own capabilities are called: A. Stimuli B. Information processing C. Perception D. Affordances

The interval of time between the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is initiated is known as: A. Reaction time B. Movement time C. Response time D. response orientation

Which of the following is true of reaction time? A. It is indicative of the time to execute a movement. B. It is a constant. C. It is dependent on the processing demands imposed by a given situation. D. It is determined from the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is completed.

__________ states that choice RT is logarithmically related to the number of stimulus choice alternatives. A. Fitts Law B. Hicks Law C. Stimulus response compatibility D. Psychological refractory period

"According to Hicks Law, a racquetball player has an advantage if he or she:" A. Has a larger repertoire of serves B. Reduces the uncertainty of his or her opponent C. Makes his or her serve predictable D. Increase the fore period preceding the serve

The prediction of what event will happen is called: A. Foreperiod B. Response orientation C. Temporal anticipation D. Event anticipation

Clues in the environment that, if detected, can assist a learner in anticipating are known as:" A. Irrelevant stimuli B. Regulatory conditions C. Precues D. Action requirements

Faking is explained by which of the following? A. Hick�s Law B. Psychological refractory period C. Temporal anticipation D. Affordances

The extent to which a stimulus and its required response are naturally related is known as: A. Foreperiod B. Psychological refractory period C. Stimulus-response compatibility D. Inverted U hypothesis

The degrees of freedom problem is based on which of the following? A. A limb's range of motion B. The number of elements or components of the system that have to be controlled C. The lack of time available to receive feedback D. The influence of the external environment on movement

The process of constraining available degrees of freedom to organize a movement pattern that will effectively achieve the goal of the task is called A. coordination B. control C. dynamic interaction D. specificity

Which of the following is NOT considered an invariant feature? A. Sequence of actions or components B. Specification of muscles and or limbs C. relative timing D. relative force

Which of the following specifies the parameter values assigned to the generalized motor program? A. invariant features B. schema C. Control parameters D. Stable attractors

What are the features of the generalized motor program that are flexible and define how to execute the program? A. rate limiters B. constraints C. invariant features D. parameters

The difference between open and closed loop systems is A. Open loop has an executive level and closed loop does not B. Closed loop has an executive level and open loop does not C. Open loop runs as planned while closed loop can be modified D. Closed loop runs as planned while open loop can be modified

"If a pitcher throws a change up and the hitter swings in anticipation of a fastball, the hitter has made an error in" A. Generalized motor program selection B. Parameter selection C. Invariant feature selection D. Schema selection

"According to the Dynamic System Theory, compressing available degrees of freedom into a single functional unit that is designed to carry out a specific task is called" A. An attractor B. A phase shift C. A rate limiter D. Self-organization

Preferred states of stability are known as A. Constraints B. phase shifts C. Perceptual-motor workspace D. Attractors

A functional movement pattern is A. A movement pattern that is unstable B. A movement pattern that will accomplish a specific task goal C. A movement pattern that must be corrected D. A movement pattern that all learners should be able to perform in the exact same manner

Which of the following detect stimuli outside of the body and provide information about the environment? A. interoceptors B. exteroceptors C. proprioceptors D. nocioceptors

Which of the following provide information about body position and movement? A. interoceptors B. exteroceptors C. proprioceptors D. nocioceptors

Which of the following are light-sensitive cells located in the eyes that convert an image into a nerve impulse? A. exteroceptors B. proprioceptors C. interoceptors D. photoreceptors

An individual whose dominant eye is opposite that of his or her dominant hand is considered: A. same side dominant B. cross dominant C. multi-dominant D. very rare

Visual search is: A. The focusing of one�s visual attention on a specific object B. The manner by which a performer directs his or her visual attention while trying to locate critical regulatory cues C. A change in the environment that evokes a response D. An inability to focus one�s visual attention on a specific object

________ are located in the inner ear and respond to changes in posture and balance. A. Golgi tendon organs B. Muscle spindles C. Joint kinesthetic receptors D. The vestibular apparatus

Which area of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions? A. Brainstem B. Diencephalon C. Cerebral cortex D. Cerebellum

Which of the following is NOT true of short-term memory? A. It has a limitless capacity B. Information can only be stored in it for 20-30 seconds unless it is given further attention C. Active processing is necessary to transfer information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory D. Information is transmitted to the short-term memory after being selectively attended to in the sensory register

"Factual knowledge, such as your school colors, is retained in your ___________ memory." A. semantic B. procedural C. episodic D. declarative

"Johnny has been playing soccer for three years. This year he is being introduced to a new skill?heading a soccer ball. With respect to heading the soccer ball, what stage of learning is Johnny in?" A. Cognitive B. associative C. autonomous D. Johnny is in between stages

"For a learner in the autonomous stage of learning, the role of the practitioner:" A. is minimal B. still involves practice design and error detection and correction C. Is to facilitate learner�s understanding of the basic requirements of the skill D. Is to develop the learner�s error detection and correction capabilities

If a learner�s movements lack synchronization and appear choppy and deliberate that learner is most likely in which stage of learning? A. cognitive B. associative C. autonomous D. affective

In the autonomous stage, the attentional focus is: A. reallocated to strategic decision making B. Solely directed to skill execution C. Split between skill execution and strategic decision-making D. Overtaxed to the point of exceeding the learner's attentional capacity

Which of the following is a role that the practitioner NO LONGER plays when a learner is in the associative stage of learning? A. providing feedback B. providing initial instruction C. Developing a learner's error detection and correction capabilities D. designing effective practice experiences

"Once a learner reaches the autonomous stage of learning, a key responsibility of the practitioner is to" A. Develop a learner's error detection and correction capabilities B. motivate C. demonstrate D. The practitioner is no longer needed once a learner reaches this stage.

"In the fixation/diversification stage of Gentile�s Stages of Learning model, which instructional strategy is recommended for closed skills with inter-trial variability?" A. fixation B. diversification C. getting the idea of the movement D. distinctionism

Variations in both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions should be systematically introduced for A. closed skills B. closed skills with inter-trial variability C. open skills D. B and C only

"In the early stages of skill acquisition, a learner does which of the following?" A. Freezes the degrees of freedom B. Releases the degree of freedom C. Develops the degrees of freedom D. Increases the degrees of freedom

Which of the following is NOT true of beginners? A. they are mechanically inefficient B. they are inconsistent C. their movements are performed with little or no conscious control D. they spend a large amount of energy

Which of the following would be a strategy that could be implemented to accommodate a kinesthetic learner? A. videos B. consequent sounds C. simulations D. questioning strategies

No two individuals possess identical learning styles. A. True B. False

Which of the following are true of global learners A. They learn more easily when they are first presented with the big picture and then asked to concentrate on details B. They prefer rules and guidelines C. "They prefer to have information presented in a step-by-step, sequential manner that builds towards a main concept" D. Humor, anecdotes, and graphics are not helpful"

Which of the following is one of the easiest learning style variables to accommodate for motor skill learning? A. emotionality preferences B. environmental preferences C. perceptual mode D. analytical mode

Which of the following is not true of learning styles? A. "Unless accommodated, learning will not occur." B. Accommodating them can result in achievement of greater learning. C. Perceptual mode may be one of the easiest to accommodate for motor skill learning D. An eclectic approach should be used in situations involving large groups.

Transfer can be: A. positive B. negative C. zero D. all of the above

One would expect __________ transfer between a slap shot in hockey and the butterfly stroke in swimming A. positive B. negative C. zero D. bilateral

Which of the following are based on the principles of transfer? A. skill progressions B. lead up games C. simulators D. all of the above

It is just as important to point out the differences between two skills as it is the similarities when attempting to capitalize on transfer. A. true B. false

An instructor that tells students to shake hands with the racket is using A. a simulator B. the eclectic approach C. resemblance cue D. an analogy

Initial instructions that are highly detailed A. Capture a learner�s interest B. Motivate a learner to try the skill C. Challenge the learner�s attentional capacity D. Are necessary for the learner to develop an idea of how to perform the skill

An internal focus of attention directs a learner to A. Concentrate on a specific body movement B. Focus on the effects of his or her actions on the environment C. Change attentional focus according to their level of arousal D. Selectively attend to specific environmental information or focuses one�s visual attention on a specific object

The initial demonstration should be: A. performed in real time B. performed at a slower speed C. broken into parts D. broken into parts at a slower speed

A learning model emphasizes: A. movement imitation B. movement exploration C. movement replication D. movement time

"When demonstrating the free throw, learners should be positioned so that they can view the shot from" A. behind B. the shooting hand side C.the front D.multiple viewing angles

Discovery learning is: A. A strategy in which the learner attempts to solve a movement problem through the exploration of a variety of possible task solutions B. A part-practice technique that reduces the level of difficulty of a task on some aspect for the learner C. A part-practice technique that separates the skill into parts according to spatial or temporal elements D. A part-practice technique where skill components that are normally performed simultaneously are partitioned and practiced independently

Which of the following is important to do before skill instruction begins? A. Perform a demonstration B. Give the learners feedback C. Capture the learner�s undivided attention D. Have the learner engage in imagery

Effective instructions: A. Can only be given by an expert B. Send clear messages to the learner C. are highly detailed D. Always incorporate technical terminology

"When instructions are used to introduce a learner to a new skill, the practitioner should do which of the following?" A. Explain all of the different criterion conditions in which the skill may be used. B. Supply only the key elements of the skill. C. Give as much detail regarding the skill as much as possible. D. Avoid comparing the skill to previously learned skills.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Conscious awareness is necessary for learning about the environmental regulatory features of a motor skill. B. Practitioners should instruct learners to focus on specific environmental cues. C. Providing a variety of performance situations that contain critical environmental regulatory cues is confusing and should be awarded. D. Learner's attention should be directed at information rich areas to learn critical environmental regulatory cues.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage about breaking down a skill into parts? A. Simplifies the skill B. Allows a learner to experience early success leading to increased motivation C. Permits practice on problematic components without wasting time on those already mastered D. Focuses on retaining the underlying dynamics of the skill when components are highly interdependent

Part-practice would be recommended when a skill is considered to have A. High task complexity / low task organization B. Low task complexity / high task organization C. Both A and B are correct D.Neither A nor B are correct

Task complexity is directly correlated with which of the following? A. The degree to which the sub-components of a skill are interdependen B. The number of sub-components that make up the skill C. The frustration level of the learner D. The age of the learner

The degree to which the sub-components of a skill are interdependent is called A. Task complexity B. task structure C. task analysis D. task organization

Which of the following skills would be considered high in task complexity A. putting B. hopping C. high jumping D. picking up a cup

The part-practice technique that separates skills into parts according to spatial or temporal elements is called A.Simplification B. Attention cueing C. Segmentation D. Fractionization

The part-practice technique where skill components that are normally performed simultaneously are partitioned and practiced independently is called A. simplification B. attention cueing C. segmentation D. fractionization

The part-practice technique that reduces the level of difficulty of the task or some aspect of the task for the learner is called A. simplification B. Attention cueing C. segmentation D. fractionization

The part-practice technique in which the learner directs his or her attention to a specific aspect of a skill during its performance as a whole is called A. Simplification B. attention cueing C. segmentation D. fractionization

The technique in which two parts are practiced separately then combined once a criterion level has been achieved is called A. Progressive part method B. Repetitive part method C. Backward chaining D. whole practice