LIT – Prelims

A division of literature which is straightforward, declarative, and expository in the use of words Declares, instruct, inform

Divisions of Prose

Narrative form of prose Ideas are mere product of a writer's imagination

Types of Fiction according to length

Has an artistic narration of single dominant action and single unified impression Has one totality of a story Sequence of ordered events comprising an action

Series of event in an order

Consisted of multiple plots or storylines that is put together or a coherence of a long fiction Sequence of events and actions

It is based on facts and truths Verifiable, well-documented, factual, reasonable, truthful

Story of a person's life in a capsule

Written by the person himself/herself A personal narrative

Records the highlights of a person's life Not much detailed unlike autobiography Concentrates only on the greatest highlights

Intends to persuade its listeners to believe Should be verbal or spoken and not written

Letter meant for public reading

Its objective is to explain or expound the thesis Involves a central idea and supporting details Establishes cause and effect, differences and commonalities

Types of Non fiction

Elements of a Short Story and Novel

Place and time where and when the action happens Physical environment or background of the story

Make-believe persons that maybe based on real persons Product of writer's imagination

More important characters Towering characters in the story

Less important characters

Protagonist or role model

Epitome of virtue

Epitome of vice or human weaknesses

Has traits that make him part of a group or class Typical character

Possesses traits that make him uniquely different from a class or group

The action or storyline

A German renaissance writer that contradicted what Aristotle said about the parts of a plot being only three (beginning-middle-ending)

Parts of A Plot

Describes the setting and introduces the character Usually at the beginning of the story

Start of the build up of suspense Introduces the antagonist or anti hero Will lead to the highest point of the story

Most suspenseful part of the story Culminating point of the story Also called acme

Unknots the suspense

Moment of illumination or realization Leading to the end of the story

Answers the question "What is the story all about?" It is not the lesson, but the dominant idea Universal expressions represented by universal language that expresses universal truth Common nouns are used

Describes or states the problem for which characters will react

Character vs himself/herself Character vs emotion or reason

Central character vs man Central character vs society Central character vs nature Central character vs fate

Answers the question "Who is the narrator?"

Point of view in the first person A character in the story is narrating Protagonist-narrator or minor character-narrator

An outsider is narrating Omniscient or all knowing of the past, present, future, secrets, and enters into the minds and reveals Limited observer but have good vantage point Sees things in an encompassing view

Pagka't Lalaki Ka

To the Man I Married

Babae Akong Namumuhay Nang Mag-isa

MATS

The Sadness Collector

The Wedding Dance

expressions which embellish the language of poetry and prose for vivid effect and impression

express comparison that uses the signal words like and as. Compare two things of different entities with a similarity. Adj must establish the commonality (qualifier)

implied and direct comparison must be a direct statement and does not use signal words. must not restate the subject, compliment must be of higher level of meaning

Substitution of an idea with another word, with a term, or with a symbol closely associated with it must use words with symbolism (connotation)

substitution of a part for a whole, a whole for a part

Say opposite of what you mean, mean opposite of what you say -> disguised sarcasm Always negative

He have everything but choose to end his life

contradiction in a statement which is logically true and acceptable

contradictory terms side by side

repeated or recurring assonant(vowel) sound Must be repeated at LEAST 3 times Lines in poetry, not prose Not always the initial syllable - can be w/in a word

initial consonant sounds repeated within the line (also 3+ times)

sound is the word, the word is the sound, must be in dictionary

inanimate objects perform human actions - Can be non-human beings (animals) doing human actions - Best: one that shows ACTION - verbs

exaggeration of an idea - Does NOT use verbs

direct call to an absent person, object or any entity - Old English pronouns - thee, thy, thou - Talking to nature

borrow ideas from different branches of knowledge to be used in literature - Use concept, name from other sources (proper names)

innumerate ideas in succession in ascending order and with a consistent pattern

arranging ideas in succession in descending order