Correspondence Theory:
Truth is that which corresponds to reality.
Historicity:
The measure of truthfulness in an historical account.
American Exeptionalism:
The belief that the United States is an exception to the general course of world history.
The United States is not really a democracy:
It is a Federal Republic.
The United States does not have a national election:
There are 50 simultaneous state elections.
Federalism is the principle that:
political power should be separated between state and central government to allow political diversity and protect liberty.
The collapse of the Mongols and the rise of the Ottomans disrupted:
the supply to Europe, but demand was only increasing.
Unlike their Spanish cousins, the Portuguese had a good reputation for tolerance and welcomed in:
Muslims and Jewish refugees fleeing the Spanish Inquisition.
Very few people thought the earth was flat:
This is a myth promoted by 19th century atheists to impinge pre-modern civilization and creationism.
Columbus named the island:
"San Salvador". This was probably somewhere in the Bahamas.
A quasi-feudal system called the Encomienda was devised to:
govern the empire. Conquistadors were given the right to extract labor from subjugated natives.
America was named after:
Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator who first charted the coast of South America.
Juan Ponce de Leon was the first European to:
set foot in what is now the United States.
Hernando De Soto:
Despite walking right over the location of the first gold rush in American history, he found nothing.
Sola Fide:
faith alone, became the first principle of the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther was furious:
Believing that the Church was trying to sell grace; he nailed 95 points of critique to the door of Wittenberg Church.
Finally, in 1555, the Treaty of Augsburg:
legalized Lutheranism in the Empire.
Calvin spent most of his adult life in:
Geneva, Switzerland where he wrote to the "Reformed" Protestants.
Scientific Revolution:
The Reformation broke the power of Church over intellectual thought. People began to ask more questions leading to a rapid expansion of scientific knowledge in the 1600's.
French, Dutch and English explorers went in search for:
a route around the north of America.
Calvinism:
Called Huguenots in France but violently persecuted, embraced in the Netherlands, and Scotland.
These Huguenots were the first to:
look to America for religious liberty.
St. Augustine was founded in:
1565 by the Spanish to secure the coast. It is the oldest town in the United States of European origin.
The French wanted to tap into:
the exotic fur trade available in North America.
The French preferred to operate:
small trading posts rather than large, populous colonies.
The Iroquois were a powerful group of tribes in:
New York that formed a league sometime before 1600.
Their interest in North America was also:
Beaver, but their effort at colonization was half-hearted and largely unsuccessful.
The Dutch commissioned:
private corporations to run their colonies.
The Swedish contribution was:
minimal except for their design of the log cabin.
The Dutch had a difficult time maintaining:
law and order in New Netherlands. The colony was very unstable.
William Tyndale:
Oxford scholar who translated all the New Testament into English, illegally.
Edward VI was the first:
Protestant King of England.
Elizabeth was a moderate on:
doctrinal issues, and desired harmony above all.
Virginia was named after:
Queen Elizabeth I who never married.
The first English colony was founded in:
1585 on Roanoke Island.
This "Lost Colony" became a major curiosity in American history:
Likely, the colonists moved to the mainland and were taken in by friendly natives.
Some even resorted to:
cannibalism, but the colony was on the verge of total failure. John Smith said that this was all caused by laziness and greed.
Powhatan confederation:
Controlled by Chief Powhatan who saw the English like any other small tribe.
A truce was signed in:
1614, and Pocahontas was married to John Rolfe.
The steady arrival of new colonists drawn by:
the prospect of growing tobacco ensured that Jamestown would survive.
Martial law ended in:
1619 and the Virginia House of Burgesses was established. It was the earliest elected representative body in the New World.
The purpose of Proprietary colony was to:
tap into the beaver trade so far successful among the French and Dutch.
A diverse group of people who were dissatisfied with the degree of reform in England:
They wanted to further "purify" the Anglican Church.
Some were even more radical and held that the Anglican Church was unreformable:
They called for a complete withdrawal from that church.
Plymouth colony:
Half of the colonists did not survive the first winter.
Thanksgiving:
The first harvest celebration when the Pilgrims thanked God for his provision. It did not include typical dishes now associated with current holiday.
Abraham Lincoln made:
Thanksgiving an official holiday in 1863.
John WIntrop:
invoked biblical imagery when he describe the colony as a "city on a hill". This was to be the modal society properly governed by Christian virtue.
It is important to remember that the English did not:
have an official plan of colonization. It was rather haphazard.
Rhode Island:
This was the first place to have a separation of church and state in America.
Connecticut and New Hampshire:
One major difference was that there was no church membership requirement for voting.
Charles I ruled from:
1625-1649. He attempted to lead the Church of England in an Arminian direction. Parliament at the time was dominated by Puritans and Calvinists.
From 1649, Oliver Cromwell ruled as:
Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth.
The instability that had plagued the Dutch:
continued under the English and New York did not have a popular assembly until 1683.
William Penn was:
a Quaker, a radical Protestant sect, that had been persecuted under Cromwell.
This became the primarily point of entry for German and Welsh colonists:
The land was extremely fertile and Penn insisted that the Indians owned all the land until fairly purchased.
The English mistakenly called them:
"Dutch" because of the word Deutsch.
Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, John Locke,:
helped write a constitution for the new colony which included a representative government and religious toleration, but he assumed a institutionalized social hierarchy was needed to protect liberty.
The first major export from Carolina was:
native slaves until rice was brought to the colony in 1690.
Rice became the major export of:
Carolina after 1690 and African slaves were brought in to meet the labor demand.
Bacon marched his 400 man army on Jamestown:
With the governor still defiant, Jamestown was burned to the ground.
Bacon's Rebellion was very short, but:
it broke the power of the elite over colonial government.
The English won with the help of the:
Mohawks of New York sent be Governor Edmund Andros.
James II was to be the last:
Catholic king of England.
James II wanted to:
punish all Puritans and revoked the charters of New England.
In the aftermath, of Glorious Revolution, 1688:
New Hampshire became a royal colony
Plymouth merged with :
Massachusetts
Property, rather than church membership,:
was required for suffrage
Salem possessed:
This should not be seen as characteristic of Puritans, this was an isolated incident and an aberration for the 17th century.
As Pennsylvania filled up:
new settlers moved down the Piedmont on an improved trail called the Great Wagon Road.
Moravians settled in:
central North Carolina starting in 1752. Led by Gottleib Spangenberg, they formed a sub-colony called Wachovia.
Oglethorpe was a:
philanthropist who was concerned about the poor in Britain.
Slavery was banned in:
early Georgia.
Daniel Boone was hired to:
improve the trail so that wagons could travel though.
People were mostly equal, but:
were poor by costal standards.
The older parts of the colonies had:
much more stratified societies resembling Europe to some degree.
Deference was the public acknowledgment of:
ones social better.
South Carolina was a lawless place:
so settlers took maters into their own hands and arrested bandits and trespassers.
North Carolina had its own regulation a few years later:
There the problem was not lack of government, but corrupt government.
Natural rights:
These are privileges that all humans have as part of their created nature.
Natural rights could not be separated from:
the human, just as one could not remove human nature.
Three basic natural rights:
life, liberty, property.
The justification for the right to live is rooted in:
Natural Law Theory. God has seen fit to give us existence, none other but God has the right to curtail this existence unless that power be delegated by God.
Liberty is a reflection of:
rational free will. We are at liberty to make choices, but we are still unable to control the consequences.
Positive:
Humans have the freedom to pursue their dreams.
Negative:
Humans have the freedom from coercion.
Locke said that :
we have a fundamental right to benefit from our own hard work.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau said that:
the people were sovereign over their government.
Government does not grant any rights:
It is a necessary evil, required by inability of man to consistently pursue "the good".
Franklin founded the first:
library in America - Philadelphia, 1731.
Causes of the great awakening:
"rational religion" not emotionally fulfilling and Insufficient number of churches for swelling population.
George Whitefield:
Criticized Church of England as "unconverted ministry"
Benign Neglect:
This allowed colonial government a lot more power.
