Simple & Complex Learning

Created by Ivan Pavlov.

Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response.

The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry.

In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus.

The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response

The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response.

In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.

The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle.

Neutral Stimulus: White Rat Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise Unconditioned Response: Fear Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat Conditioned Response: Fear

Neutral: Lightning Unconditioned Stimulus : Mom's Behavior Unconditioned Response: Fear,Crying Conditioned Stimulus: Lightning Conditioned Response 3: Fear,Crying

Neutral Stimulus: Unconditioned Stimulus: Shock Unconditioned Response: GSR Change Conditioned Stimulus: 1000 Hz Conditioned Response: GSR Change

Acquisition (Trials UCS-CS), Extinction (CS), and Spontaneous Recovery (CS).

The temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay.

To extinguish a classically conditioned stimulus and repeatedly present the (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Extension of a conditioned response from the training stimuli to a similar stimuli. Such as Little Albert being afraid of all the animals after the CS.

Responding differently because the two stimuli predict different outcomes. Ex.

Responding one way to a class bell and differently to a fire alarm bell.

Father of: B.F. Skinner. Responses are based on reinforcement. He tested this on pigeons and thus established a schedules of reinforcement.

Anything that makes a response more likely to occur.

The process of reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response.

(e.g.

1:1, 5:1, 10:1)- It is known as the number of responses required prior to responses. Reinforcement is provided after a certain number of correct responses. Steady response, but short delays between each reinforcement.

An amount of time that has to pass after a response prior to the next response being reinforced.

Ex. 15 seconds (pause), 15 seconds (pause), etc.

The number of responses required prior to a reinforcement varies, so reinforcement is given after 2 or 3 responses, but they still generate a steady rate response.

Time between previous reinforcement and the next response being reinforced varies. Basically reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time. Ex.

2 minutes, then 7 seconds, then 3 minutes and 40 seconds.

It resembles both classical and operant conditioning. Highly resistant to extinction. Maintains phobias. Ex. Rat is placed in a grid.

A light is then shown, which then releases and electrical impulse on the rat's side of the grid. To avoid the shock the rat climbs over the fence.

Is a research paradigm used in the study of learning. In these studies subjects are asked to guess which of a limited choice of stimuli or events will occur next.

With experience their predictions will approximate the actual probability of the possible outcomes.

The way we learn meaning of concepts and words by identifying relevant dimensions and the levels of those dimensions associated with the concept.

The learner is exposed to stimuli to be remembered and later recalls those stimuli in the same order in which they initially appeared.

Paired-associate (PA) learning was invented by Mary Whiton Calkins in 1894 and involves the pairing of two items (usually words)-a stimulus and a response. For example, words such as calendar (stimulus) and shoe (response) may be paired, and when the learner is prompted with the stimulus, he responds with the appropriate word (shoe).

Garcia's work on taste aversions. Chomsky's universal grammar. Face Recognition (prosopagnosia). Difficulty with logic problems , but ease of cheater detection.