What are the most common terms used to describe learning disabilities today
- Dyslexia- Dysgraphia- Dysacusis-Dyskinesia - Dyscalculia- Dyslogia- Dysphasia- Dysnomia- Dysrhythmia- Auditory and Visual Processing Disorders- Hyperlexia
What is Dyslexia?
A language-based reading disability. The individual has trouble understanding words, sentences, and/or paragraphs
What is Dysgraphia?
Difficulty forming letters correctly or within a defined space. Mirror writing is a severe form of this impairment.
What is Dysacusis?
Impairment in understanding and deriving meaning from speech
What is Dyskinesia?
Clumsiness or poor coordination.
Whta is Dyscalculia?
A mathematical disability in which a person has difficulty solving arithmetic problems and grasping math concepts.
What is Dyslogia?
A linguistic disturbance characterized by faulty formation or expression of verbal ideas.
What is Dysphasia?
An impairment in the ability to produce or comprehend language. It can affect either written or spoken language function.
What is Dysnomia?
Difficulty in searching for and thinking of a word to express a thought or idea.
What is Dysrhythmia?
Poor rhythm or the loss of ability to move with rhythm.
Why these are misclassified?
These students are misclassified because of their repetitive , distractable, impulsive, disordered behavior but sometimes there IQ is high as compared to mentally retartded students and they became self supporting after leaving school. -The school's approach to teaching basic academic skills like reading may not be achieving adequate results for all students.- Your child's previous learning may not have prepared him or her sufficiently for the lessons the teacher is presenting.- Cultural and/or language differences can present a barrier to communication with the teacher and prevent access to learning materials.- Another condition, such as attention difficulties, poor hearing, or vision, may be affecting learning.
What is Strauss syndrome?
Their behavior was characterized as perceptually disordered, impulsive, distractible, and repetitive. This condition became known as Strauss syndrome
Heinz Werner (1944) and Alfred Strauss and Laura Lehtinen (1947) followed similar research avenues. They identified and described exogenously brain-damaged (i.e., point of origin of disability outside the body) children with mental retardation.
The disabilities of these children could not be traced to genetic causes.
Who are Werner, Alfred Strauss and Laura Lehtinen?
Samuel Kirk in 1963
Who are the supporters of Learning Disability term?
- educators think that the label is a convenience because students with learning disabilities usually have average or above intelligence, and primarily come from middle-class backgrounds. - identification of a learning disability is a way for students to get special education services without anyone being held accountable for the problem.-
Who are the critics of Learning Disability term?
russian psychologist demonstrated that how brains different parts control various cognitive functions
luria
work with split-brain patients detailed the different ways that the right and left hemispheres of the brain process information.-the left hemisphere specializes in dealing with things in sequence; the right hemisphere deals with things all at once-
sperry
discovered that artists relied more on their right hemisphere even when the task required left-hemisphere capabilities.
The opposite was true of lawyers; that is, even when the task required right-hemispheric thought, the lawyers tended to process the information through their left hemisphere. Ornstein concluded that the hemispheres are specialized for information processing and that individuals gradually develop a hemispheric preference.Ornstein also found that the hemispheres of most right-handed people are specialized for specific types of thought along the lines outlined by Sperry—but left-handed individuals, according to Ornstein, sometimes do not follow the standard left-right hemisphere localization of function.
robert ornistein
Robert Ornistien
who said left handers are found with more learning disabilities rather than right handers?
What are the causes of learning disability?
- Environmental - organic
what is federal definition of learning disability ?
a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.
what does the federal definition include and doesnt include?
include - perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.
doesn't include- learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor handicaps, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage
What is the pravelence rate of learning with disability students?
-According to the National Institutes of Health, learning disabilities affect one in seven people - More than 6 million school-age children in the United States receive special education services -Of these, almost half (48.3 percent), a total of 2.8 million students with disabilities reported in the 6 to 21 age group are served as specific learning disabled
The broad and vague wording of the federal definition for specific learning disabilities. 2.
Social acceptance and preference for the learning disabilities classification (rather than intellectual disability or emotional disturbance). 3. Differing criteria used by states for qualification for services. (Sigmon, 1989)Added to this list of possible reasons for the increase in numbers are reasons offered by Lyon in 1996: 4.
Financial incentives to identify students for special education. 5. Inadequate preparation of teachers by colleges of education, leading to overreferral of students with any type of special need.
Trend to increase learning disability
Characteristic of learning disabled students
Cognitive - Normal or above average intelligenceACADEMIC -Uneven pattern of academic performance.
ADAPTIVE -Some degree of field dependencySOCIAL -Susceptible to distraction, Social misperceptionPERCEPTUAL/PERCEPTUAL MOTOR -Difficulties with learning modalities and eye-hand coordination. Inadequate gross or fine motor skills.LANGUAGE- Difficulty in reading or language skills.
Adapt instruction to individual cognitive abilitiesIdentify entry-level skills for each academic area.
Emphasize independent strategies for learning.Teach self-management skills. Make social skills training situational.Adjust instruction to individual learning styles and physical capabilities.Provide opportunities for language stimulation activities.
Teaching interventions
- Confuse letters that differ in directionality - Confuse words that can be reversed (saw-was)- limited sight vocabulary -Omit lot of words because they were not visually noted-
Typical Reading and Spelling Patterns of Students with Visual-Processing Difficulties?
improved by teaching students self-monitoring strategies, such as reciprocal questioning and summarization skills (teaching meta cognition skills)Phonics instruction Fluency instruction Vocabulary instructionText comprehension instruction
How to improve the reading skills of learning disabled kid?
What is the criticism for teaching learning disabled students?
many do not learn generalization and maintenance skills
Whta is the longivity of learning disability?
Whta re the characteristic of learning disabled college student ?
- difficulty with reasoning, abstract thinking, - difficulty in reading continues as they had it in the childhood- they have problem with grasping the language or words spoken by others.
Some services offered to high school students
Assessing students to determine deficit areas, in order to provide appropriate services.2. Using tape recorders for lectures.3. Providing students with an outline as an aid for organizing content.
4. Photocopying class notes.5. Allowing testing modifications (e.
g., administered orally, additional time, less items, isolated seating).6. Purchasing textbooks in advance so they can begin reading earlier.
7. Using taped textbooks.8. Securing tutors to help students understand and master the content of subject areas.
9. Having another student take notes.10. Offering special courses to students according to their needs. These might include writing courses, study skills, or instruction in college survival.
