Learning disability’s

Kirk coined the term learning disability

Kirk used the term at a Chicago meeting with concerned parents and educators, and the term took off

_____ of children (ages 6-21) _____ of all children receiving special education have a learning disability in Ontario

ratio of boys: girls diagnosed

Most students are educated within the regular classroom __ spend most of the day in general classroom ___-___ of the day in the general classroom

Boys more likely to engage in overt behavior Classrooms becoming more "girl friendly" over the past 30 years Boys tend to have more difficulties with language, even in typically developing samples

Usually applied to children from ______-____backgrounds No discernible mental or physical anomalies Still failing in school

(1) usually in the areas of reading or mathematical computations in the student's performance across domains of development

(2)Potential versus performance The _year lag rule(Can lead to learned helpness) Assumed that the wider the gap, the more severe the disability

(3) What is left over after excluding: visual or hearing impairment, motor disabilities, IDD, social or economic disadvantage

Compared to peers E.

g. 2 grades behind in reading comprehension This is an example of

E.g. CA- 9 year old child 11 year old IQ 6 year old social dev.

Peaks and valleys This is an example of:

(4)—basic learning disabilities are the result of some type of neuropsychological disorder.

(5)Previously would have been classified as IDD

(6) Some focus just on intellect and school achievement Others include ________ and emotional challenges that impact learning Social interactions are often difficult for children with learning disabilities, particularly___-______ learning disabilities, and that _____ _____ deficits are common

Difficulties reading, spelling, and with reading comprehension Great difficulty mapping letters into sounds and vice-versa (impaired phological loop)

Receptive difficult too, but not as bad E.g. overextending words "juice" for everything from juice, to water, tea, milk, etc.

Vocabulary tend to be small and superficial By 8-9 years of age, most children can cope with multiple meanings of high frequency words (e.g.

Bat) Bat (sports equipment versus Halloween decoration) Lead poisoning can lead to health issues.Does the deer see the does?The dove dove down to its nest. Take things quite literally

Problems organizing phrases Tend to ramble Talk about things out of order

Difficulties with the social use of language Turn taking

Many children struggle with ___-_____ communication

Study of grade 3 - 6 students Task: Identify facial expressions of emotion Students with learning disabilities are much ____ _______ than typically developing peers

Real challenge since students are stuck trying to decode words that they can't get to the main point of the lesson or the paragraph, etc.

"And" versus "But" Words read differently than how they are written.

"Seemingly impossible task"

_________Rhyme by _ years of age Can blend and segment orally presented words by_____ years of age

Ability to blend, segment, rhyme, or manipulate sounds of spoken words Strong relationship between early literacy and __________________

Problems are often identified in grade

By middle elementary school, reading can be so aversive that many poor readers would rather____________________ than read

Roughly 50% of children with learning disabilities also have

__ %neglected by peers __%rejected by peers May stem from a mix of deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, and social perception skills

Upon hearing the diagnosis, parents often report feeling

In contrast to other disabilities, ____ diagnosis for the family

Rarely detected before the child enters school Gap of about ______ between suspected and diagnosis

Described as a______________________ "Hopes for the future alternately raised and dashed as the child progresses or falls back"

Role of the Family:

Limited English proficiency can arise because of:

According to IPM A learning disability can be explained as a_____ in this system

Ability to use two or more senses simultaneously E.g. Note taking

Meaning is born out of connecting remembered thoughts Challenges organizing thoughts into useful concepts

Used when child has a specific delay in language

a learning disability that results in difficulty in writing

Monitoring of reading to tell when something is confusing or when they are tuning out

Strong negative emotions have an impact on all aspects of our ability to process information Anxiety can use up your ________

Where a person experiences increased levels of anxiety by thinking about an event or situation in the future.

large discrepancy exists between what students would be expected to do based on their cognitive ability and how they are actually performing in various school subjects

Problems with the Discrepancy Model

which model Permits early and pre-referral intensive interventions based on the student's needs without "waiting to fail"

High quality general learning environment Includes developmentally appropriate screening Periodic progress monitoring

solving involves a multidisciplinary team working together with parents to design services that address the students needs. Generally the general teacher in the general classroom Teaching becomes more explicit and directive Can be delivered through embedded activities within general lessons Often also includes small group interventions

interventions meets the students' needs, also called standard protocol approaches.

uses data on student's achievement, performance, etc. to monitor progress, guide decision making, and plan for future needs (slope of improvement)

Referral for formal assessment Usually provided by Special Education Services Within the general classroom or elsewhere IEP created

Real life example of Tier 3