Psychology-Operant Conditioning

Form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Another name for operant learning, introduced by Edward Thorndike

Introduced the term "Instrumental Learning"

Introduced the term "Operant Conditioning"

States that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled

Another name for an operant chamber

Term that means "to send forth"

Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time

Consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer

Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Schedule where the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

Schedule where the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

Schedule where the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

Schedule where the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

Consist of two or more reinforcement schedules that operate simultaneously and independently, each for a different response

States that under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms' relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alternative's relative rate of reinforcement

States that the food-seeking behaviors of many animals maximize the nutrition gained in relation to the energy expended to locate, secure, and consume various foods

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation in this form of learning

An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring in this form of learning

Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response