In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response. reinforcement the Law of Negative Effect conditional emotional linkages a long time delay
reinforcement
You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda.

Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on? partial reinforcement interval reinforcement continuous reinforcement ratio reinforcement

continuous reinforcement
The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest had blonde hair best illustrates ________. stimulus generalization generalization gradient stimulus discrimination discrimination gradient
stimulus generalization
There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that's ________. But if she then swats at the gnat, that's _________. voluntary; involuntary involuntary; voluntary operant; instrumental instrumental; classical
involuntary; voluntary
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________. operant conditioning classical conditioning effective based learning spontaneous recovery
operant conditioning
A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room.

What is the cookie in this example? punisher positive reinforcer negative reinforcer conditioned response

positive reinforcer
Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement? variable interval fixed ratio fixed interval interval ratio
variable interval
Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning? Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.
Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________. it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent
it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur.

This is probably because ________. the metronome was not a distinctive sound the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation

the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear? Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat. Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly. Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur. Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.
Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.

A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. primary negative positive secondary
primary
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.

Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. Bill will never bathe the dog again.

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________. blocking conditioned taste-aversion operant taste conditioning noncontingent conditioning
conditioned taste-aversion
Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again? if it is a primary reinforcer if it is a positive reinforcer if it is a negative reinforcer regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur
regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur
Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. food praise money attention
food
Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________.

can potentially reinforce or punish behavior do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever do not inherently satisfy physical needs only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise

do not inherently satisfy physical needs
A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed interval variable interval fixed ratio variable ratio
fixed interval
Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries? The dogs seemed to enjoy the food. The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat. The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times. The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning biofeedback theory social learning theory
operant conditioning
Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response. classical counterconditioned conditioned emotional positively reinforced negatively reinforced
conditioned emotional
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? fixed interval variable ratio variable interval fixed ratio
fixed ratio
After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask.

He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred. behavior modification stimulus discrimination extinction stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization
What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A's on her tests? gradual reinforcement sporadic reinforcement continuous reinforcement partial reinforcement
partial reinforcement
After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called ________. acquisition testing extinction spontaneous recovery
extinction
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.

classical conditioning operant conditioning vicarious learning cognitive learning

operant conditioning
Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate? Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food. Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning. Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.
Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________. counterconditioning instinctive drift spontaneous recovery stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is ________. Thorndike Wolpe Seligman Bandura
Seligman
Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur? Her son must always model the behavior immediately. Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry. Her son must be able to complete other tasks while watching her.

Cheryl must show her son how to do the laundry while she is making dinner.

Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions? Bandura Tolman Skinner Pavlov
Bandura
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment.

Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older? Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father. Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father. Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having. Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to ________. Bandura's pet name for the dog used in the study Bandura's loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study Bandura's nickname that his wife had given him the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier.

The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ______. learned helplessness contingency blocking latent learning response generalization

learned helplessness
You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park.

Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________. spontaneous recovery insight formation of a cognitive map unconscious trial-and-error imagery

formation of a cognitive map
A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them.

Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ________. learned helplessness avoidance learning aversive conditioning vicarious learning

learned helplessness
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________. insight innate learning vicarious learning latent learning
latent learning
Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat.

The principle of learning that was in operation was ________. observational learning classical conditioning AMIM shaping

shaping
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence? observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning insight learning
observational learning
Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals? Kohler Tolman Seligman Skinner
Kohler
A person is connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the brain's electrical activity.

The person is reinforced when his or her pattern of brain waves changes in order to treat a disorder such as epilepsy. This technique is best called _________. biofeedback behavior modification operant conditioning neurofeedback

neurofeedback
Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is ________. Watson Thorndike Skinner Bandura
Bandura
Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain __________.

autism ADHD schizophrenia depression

depression
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act? insight learning operant conditioning classical conditioning observational learning
observational learning
A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can't break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning? attention memory imitation desire
imitation
Which of the following is true of research on insight? Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning. Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning. Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.

Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning.

Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.
A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of ________.

classical conditioning instinctive drift primary reinforcement behavior modification

behavior modification
In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of ________. latent learning operant conditioning classical conditioning insight learning
latent learning
Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________. the learning/performance distinction the innate performance preference the delayed learning paradigm the observational delay effect
the learning/performance distinction
The "aha!" experience is known as ________. latent learning insight learning thoughtful learning serial enumeration
insight learning
The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________.

insight latent learning placebo learning innate learning

latent learning
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________. generalization discrimination latent learning insight learning
insight learning
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily.

This behavior is probably due to ______. learned helplessness contingency blocking latent learning response generalization

learned helplessness
Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures? conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive conditioning children to be on time for school conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure
conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure
A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning contingency theory observational learning
observational learning
A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of ________ to help gain control over biological functions. sleep anxiety relaxation heightened awareness
relaxation
________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Shaping Spontaneous recovery Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination

shaping
Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________. collective animus anima preconscious
collective
One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is that ________________. the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not the mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than the cognitivist the psychoanalytic view requires feedback from clients and the social cognitive view does not the social cognitive view is more abstract than the psychoanalytic view
the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not
What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality? feedback loops learned responses reciprocal determinism external expectancies
reciprocal determinism
For Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ______ mind. unconscious preconscious collective unconscious conscious
preconscious
According to Karen Horney, what causes us to develop a neurotic personality? getting fixated at the oral stage of development being raised without love, affection, and security failing to adequately resolve the Oedipus complex conflict between the anima and the animus
being raised without love, affection, and security
Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of: operant conditioning and vicarious learning. classical and operant conditioning and observational learning.

observational learning and classical conditioning. behavioral reinforcement.

classical and operant conditioning and observational learning.
Shanda is afraid of failing one of her final exams, primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams and so, no matter how much studying she does, it won't matter. Cognitive theorists would suggest that Shanda: has an external locus of control.

has an internal locus of control. has an introverted personality. has an extraverted personality.

has an external locus of control.

According to Freud, rationality, logical thinking, and reasoning are controlled by the ______. pleasure principle ego superego animus
ego
Which defense mechanism figured prominently in the theory of Alfred Adler? repression compensation depression rationalization
compensation
Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to ______________. sex denial marriage depression
sex
A patient waiting for an appointment with Sigmund Freud looks around the room to see who else is waiting. Who among the following is most likely to have been one of Freud's patients? Hal, a coal-mine worker who is severely depressed Angela, a maid, who is severely depressed Sue, a wealthy woman who is suffering from sexual repression Mario, a soldier who is suffering from a hysterical disorder
Sue, a wealthy woman who is suffering from sexual repression
Which neo-Freudian theorist believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality? Carl Jung Alfred Adler Carl Rogers Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson
For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ______ mind.

unconscious preconscious collective unconscious conscious

unconscious
For the behaviorist, personality is a set of learned responses or _______. traits conditions stimuli habits
habits
Carl Jung's term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the unconscious was the _____________. personal unconscious archetype collective unconscious animus
personal unconscious
A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, person, and behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist.

psychodynamic social cognitive psychoanalytic trait

social cognitive
Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority that all people share? Carl Jung Alfred Adler Carl Rogers Karen Horney
Alfred Adler
Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment, but can also influence that environment, is known as __________. self-efficacy locus of control phenomenology reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism
According to Albert Bandura, a person's belief about his or her skills and ability to perform certain behaviors is known as ________. self-efficacy locus of control phenomenology reciprocal determinism
self-efficacy
A baseball player's son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat, he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field, he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young man seem to have? self-regard self-centeredness self-efficacy self-actualization
self-efficacy
Which term was given to psychoanalysts who broke away from strict interpretation of Freud's theory and developed theories of their own that were based upon Freud's work? retro-Freudians nouveau-Freudians neo-Freudians anti-Freudians
neo-Freudians
The source that a person believes to be exerting control over life's events is called ________. low self-esteem locus of control high self-efficacy an internal focus
locus of control
For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ______.

id ego superego preconscious

id
Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality. id preconscious mind manifest awareness unconscious mind
unconscious mind
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality? Temperament and personality are the exact same thing. Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's temperament is built. Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.

Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.

Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
An investigation of students' housing preferences would probably show that single rooms are preferred by _______, whereas suites are preferred by _______. extraverts; introverts introverts; extraverts good students; poor students poor students; good students
introverts; extraverts
What is one criticism of projective tests? They are inappropriate for use with children.

They are too simple in their administration and scoring. They have low validity and reliability. They fail to take into account differences in the testing environments.

They have low validity and reliability.
What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common? They are both stage theories.

They focus on unconscious motivation. They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny. They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective.

They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny.

The field of _____________ is devoted to the study of just how much of personality is due to inherited traits. behavioral genetics genetic microbiology genomanalysis geometric heredity
behavioral genetics
According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when _______. a person has low self-esteem there is matching between the real self and ideal self there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self the individual receives too much unconditional positive regard
there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self
The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting is called the _____________. bias effect interview bias halo effect subject bias effect
halo effect
Which of the following statements is a criticism that one might legitimately make about the humanistic perspective of personality? It relies far too much on the influence of environments.

It spends way too much time looking at unconscious determinants of behaviors. It paints too rosy a picture of humanity, ignoring negative aspects of human nature. Its concept of womb envy cannot be empirically validated.

It paints too rosy a picture of humanity, ignoring negative aspects of human nature.

Someone who was interested in measuring a person's source traits, as described by Raymond Cattell, would use the ______________. NEO Personality Inventory California Psychological Inventory (CPI) Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF)
Cheri went to see a psychologist, who showed her several detailed black and white pictures and asked her to explain what was going on in them. The psychologist was using the ________. TAT MMPI Cattell 16PF Blankenship
TAT
What major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study? Identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling. Siblings reared apart were much more similar than identical twins. Fraternal twins reared together were much more similar than identical twins.

Personality scores for twins were not related in either case.

Identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling.
Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure ______________. extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness openness
openness
Someone interested in an inventory that might be helpful for making a career choice should try _______.

the TAT a Rorschach test the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Monozygotic twins are __________, while dizygotic twins are __________. the result of mitosis; the result of meiosis fraternal; identical always the same gender; always the opposite genders identical; fraternal
identical; fraternal
Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as ______ interviews. unstructured structured global wide-focus
unstructured
Travis is a participant in the X-Games every year, which features events that are high flying and exhilarating to watch or participate in, but also very dangerous to the competitors. Because Travis is willing to take chances with his health to get the adrenaline rush from these sorts of events, Cost and McCrae would argue that he ranks high on which of the five factors? openness neuroticism conscientiousness extraversion
openness
An assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior(s) that is/are listed on the assessment is called a ____________. rating scale frequency count projective test interview
rating scale
As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests, including one in which he responds "true" or "false" to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking? a behavioral log the TAT a projective test an inventory
an inventory
Unconditional positive regard is MOST important to the theory of ______.

Freud Maslow Jung Rogers

Rogers
What did Gordon Allport think about traits? He thought they were like stages. He thought they were wired into the nervous system. He thought they were learned. He thought they were the result of cognitive modeling.

He thought they were wired into the nervous system.
What do humanistic and psychoanalytic theories have in common? They are both testable. They are both difficult to test. They both rely on stages. They both base much of their theory on early stressful events.
They are both difficult to test.

Ted is friendly, loves to tells jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as warm and considerate. On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores? agreeableness and extraversion extraversion and conscientiousness neuroticism and openness to experience openness to experience and conscientiousness
agreeableness and extraversion
The main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews is _____________. inventories are standardized interviews are standardized interviews have higher validity There are no major differences.
inventories are standardized
Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed ___________. conditional esteem unconditional esteem conditional positive regard unconditional positive regard
unconditional positive regard
If you are completing a paper/pencil test that requires you to read statements and indicate "true" or "false" as to whether or not they apply to you, then you are likely taking a(n) ________.

observational measure TAT projective test personality inventory

personality inventory
Which one of the goals of psychology would be most relevant in the trait perspective? description explanation maintenance control
description
The most commonly used personality inventory is the _____________. MMPI MBTI TAT CPI
MMPI
Raymond Cattell originally proposed that there are ________ personality source traits. 5 8 11 16
16
Freud's refusal to believe his patients who said they were sexually molested as children is an example of _________. the horn effect unconscious motives interviewer bias the halo effect
?
When assessing personality, many psychologists take the eclectic view, which means they ________. use only one specific approach use a variety of approaches focus on behavior focus on unconscious motives
use a variety of approaches
Disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion are known as ______ disorders. conversion somatoform mood dissociative
mood
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) seems to be related to __________.

low levels of thyroxine low levels of sunlight high levels of thyroxine high levels of sunlight

low levels of sunlight
What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobic disorder? Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers, while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. Generalized anxiety disorder is linked to a specific trigger, while phobic disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women and phobic disorder is more common in men. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in adults while phobic disorder is more common in children.

Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers, while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger.
Kaylee refuses to change in the locker room during gym class. She is afraid that someone will see her body, make fun of it, and embarrass her. As a result, Kaylee skips gym class to avoid the situation.

Based on this information, it is possible that Kaylee has ________. a specific phobia social anxiety disorder schizophrenia a mood disorder

social anxiety disorder
Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life, is called ___________. a psychological disorder humors stress syndrome adaptive behavior
a psychological disorder
Miguel has a great job, is well educated, and has a loving family. Despite these positive aspects of his life, he experiences anxiety every day. When asked by his therapist the reason for his anxiety, he says, "I don't know why. I don't have any reason to feel anxious, yet I worry all the time.

" The therapist describes Miguel as having ______ anxiety. free-floating normal healthy restricted

free-floating
While each panic attack is different, the average duration of a panic attack is approximately how long? 5 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes 90 minutes
15 minutes
The primary purpose of the DSM is to _____. help psychologists assess only normal behavior keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders describe the causes of common physiological disorders
help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders
Manny has such an intense fear of flying insects that he hardly ever goes outside his house during the summer months. He is probably suffering from a ______. somatoform disorder conversion reaction personality disorder phobia
phobia
Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body," and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating.

She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms MOST resemble ______. a phobic disorder a panic attack post-traumatic stress an affective disorder

a panic attack
Which neurotransmitters are most important in the development of mood disorders? GABA, endorphins, and serotonin acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin
dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of ______. mood disorders dissociative neurosis anxiety disorders amnesia
anxiety disorders
Which of the following types of anxiety disorders is related to a history of shyness in childhood? generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder social anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder
social anxiety disorder
Ellie is a graduate student in psychology at the local university.

She is interested in one day specializing in the study of abnormal behavior. What area of psychology should she focus on in school? health psychology psychopathology psychobiology developmental psychology

psychopathology
Which of the following is the most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder in the United States? generalized anxiety disorder major depressive disorder substance-abuse disorder schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
George is suffering from an obsessive-compulsive disorder. If he tries to stop his compulsive behaviors, he is likely to experience ______. severe depression severe anxiety amnesia hypochondriasis
severe anxiety
Linda's house was flooded in a hurricane.

Upon losing her home, she had nightmares, disturbed sleep, and anxiety that lasted about two weeks. Linda most likely suffered from ______________. acute stress disorder external locus of control catastrophic stress post-traumatic stress disorder

acute stress disorder
A disorder in which excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least six months is called __________. panic disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder generalized anxiety disorder phobic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
Which of the following is a symptom of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder? persistent reliving of the event an obsessive need to be close to anything associated with the trauma decreased arousal symptoms of a manic episode
persistent reliving of the event
Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called _________. Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors are called ________.

intrusions; impulses obsessions; compulsions impulses; intrusions compulsions; obsessions

obsessions; compulsions
Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like ______.

panic disorder conversion disorder generalized anxiety disorder a dissociative disorder

generalized anxiety disorder
One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of emotional distress or __________. subjective discomfort social deviance statistical rarity situational anxiety
subjective discomfort
Severe depression that comes on suddenly or seems to have no external cause is called ______. dysthymia bipolar disorder hypomania major depressive disorder
major depressive disorder
_______ is used to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) The Physician's Desk Reference The Textbook of Psychological Disorders The Textbook of Physiological Disorders
TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between periods of ________. anxiety and mania depression and manic episodes mania and schizophrenia depression and schizophrenia
depression and manic episodes
What is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder in the United States? specific phobia social anxiety disorder post-traumatic stress disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder
specific phobia
Padma is extremely confident and feels that lately she needs very little sleep. In addition, she reports that her thoughts seem to be going fast-similar to watching three television shows at once.

Padma most likely is experiencing ________. a manic episode a dysthymic episode a loss of mental control a psychotic break

a manic episode
A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts is called ____________ disorder. obsessive-compulsive delusional post-traumatic stress passive-aggressive
obsessive-compulsive
Ali, a war veteran, has had nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks for the past three years. Ali is most likely suffering from _______________.

acute stress disorder external locus of control catastrophic stress post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Which of the following is the term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic, with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating? phobia compulsion panic attack affective disorder
panic attack
People who have a(n) ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. agoraphobia social anxiety disorder specific phobia interactive phobia
social anxiety disorder
People with ______ disorders have an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others. personality somatoform affective schizophrenic
personality
Eve seeks treatment to learn how to relax. When her therapist hypnotizes her, her voice changes and someone claiming her name is "Joan" begins to speak.

During therapy, 23 separate entities, each with its own name, personal style, and memories emerge. Eve appears to be suffering from ______ disorder. depersonalization dissociative identity conversion schizoid personality

dissociative identity
A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ___________.

schizophrenia bipolar disorder a dissociative disorder passive-aggressive personality

schizophrenia
The television talks to Heidi. It tells her the police are out to get her. Because Heidi has schizophrenia, she is mostly experiencing a(n) ________. delusion flat affect evolution hallucination
hallucination
Of the five known human sensory systems, which type of hallucination is the most common? visual tactile gustatory auditory
auditory
Gigi, who has schizophrenia, believes that she was sent by God to one day rule the world. Her belief is an example of a(n) ________.

phobia delusion alogia hallucination

delusion
After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from ______. paraphilia schizophrenia a somatoform disorder a dissociative disorder
a dissociative disorder
Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia? It is a severe breakdown of the ego as a result of a disturbed relationship between mother and child. Its symptoms are shaped by the processes of reinforcement and extinction. Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking.

It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.

It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.
Delusions of ________ are false beliefs held by a person who is convinced that others are trying to hurt them in some way. persecution grandeur reference influence
persecution
A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality, is likely suffering from _______. schizophrenia bipolar disorder a dissociative disorder passive-aggressive personality
schizophrenia
A dissociative state that involves sudden travel from home, the taking on of a new identity, and amnesia regarding the trip and one's actual personal information is called ______.

dissociative identity disorder dissociative amnesia depersonalization disorder dissociative fugue

dissociative fugue
Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else can see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as ______. delusions hallucinations obsessions compulsions
hallucinations
False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness are known as ______. delusions hallucinations obsessions compulsions
delusions
The police find a man who is disheveled and in a daze wandering through the downtown area.

When the police ask him for his name, he seems bewildered. A search of missing persons photographs reveals that this man was reported missing three months ago in a town more than 700 miles away. The man is most likely suffering from _________. schizophrenia dissociative fugue dissociative amnesia dissociative identity disorder

dissociative fugue
Sal has decreased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in his frontal lobe areas.

Which disorder might he be at risk of experiencing? antisocial personality disorder agoraphobia schizophrenia dissociative fugue

schizophrenia
False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called ______. delusions hallucinations obsessions compulsions
hallucinations
Which of the following perspectives claims that shaping may play a big role in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder? behavioral humanistic biological psychoanalytic
behavioral
Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion? hallucinations delusions inappropriate affect flat affect
flat affect
The neurotransmitter associated with bulimia nervosa is ______________. dopamine insulin serotonin endorphin
serotonin
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding schizophrenia? It is the same thing as split personality. It is the same thing as multiple personality disorder. It is the same thing as dissociative identity disorder. It is a type of psychotic disorder.

It is a type of psychotic disorder.
According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia _________. if he or she has an identical twin diagnosed with the disorder if he or she has a nonidentical twin diagnosed with the disorder if he or she has an adoptive parent diagnosed with the disorder if he or she has a biological parent diagnosed with the disorder
if he or she has an identical twin diagnosed with the disorder
Which of the following people would be most likely to receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder? Marlon, who works as a long-distance truck driver so that he doesn't have to interact with people more than necessary Monet, who cannot make a decision without first knowing what her boyfriend thinks is best Jared, who enjoys stealing cars and going for joy rides around his neighborhood Lizette, who has a history of multiple suicide attempts
Jared, who enjoys stealing cars and going for joy rides around his neighborhood
Steve's psychiatrist notes that Steve is experiencing a disruption of the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, and identity. Therefore, Steve most likely has a(n) ________ disorder. schizophrenic adjustment dissociative impulse-control
dissociative
John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong-if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes.

In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ______ personality disorder. schizoid schizotypal passive-aggressive antisocial

antisocial
Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination are called _________. paraphilias anxiety disorders somatoform disorders dissociative disorders
dissociative disorders
An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called ________.

anorexia nervosa bulimia hormone under secretion leptin reduction

bulimia
Antisocial, paranoid, and schizoid are all types of ________ disorders. mood dissociative personality anxiety
personality
Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ______ personality disorder. antisocial avoidant dependent borderline
borderline
Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame.

She is most likely suffering from __________. anorexia nervosa bulimia hormone under secretion leptin reduction

anorexia nervosa
Shreen is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shreen is experiencing __________. delusions of persecution delusions of grandeur delusions of reference delusions of influence
delusions of grandeur
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry.

This is an example of ________. instrumental learning observational learning classical conditioning habituation

classical conditioning
The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called __________. personality nurture a trait nature
personality
The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________. insight latent learning placebo learning innate learning
latent learning
What is one purpose of the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? to assess levels of current stressors to check the appropriateness of a particular diagnosis to detect the tendencies of test takers to present themselves in a favorable light to distinguish items that incorrectly diagnose from those that correctly diagnose an individual
to detect the tendencies of test takers to present themselves in a favorable light
Shreen is diagnosed with schizophrenia.

She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shreen is experiencing ___ delusions of persecution delusions of grandeur delusions of reference delusions of influence

delusions of grandeur
Which of the following perspectives claims that shaping may play a big role in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder? behavioral humanistic biological psychoanalytic
behavioral
Sal has decreased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in his frontal lobe areas. Which disorder might he be at risk of experiencing? antisocial personality disorder agoraphobia schizophrenia dissociative fugue
schizophrenia
Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else can see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as ______. delusions hallucinations obsessions compulsions
hallucinations
Antisocial, paranoid, and schizoid are all types of ________ disorders. mood dissociative personality anxiety
peronality?