psychology-chapter 6-part 1 and 2

Russian physiologist - his original study was about saliva and gastric secretions in the digestive processes of dogs

a systematic procedure through which associations and responses to specific stimuli are learned

relatively permanent change that occurs as a result of experiences in the environment and that is often exhibited in overt behaviors

an event that has an impact on an organism

the reaction of an organism to a stimulus

an automatic behavior that occurs involuntarily in response to a stimulus without prior learning and usually shares little variability from instance to instance

reflexes are not _____

conditioned responses are not _____

a conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response

a stimulus that normally produces a measurable involuntary response

a neutral stimulus that through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus begins to elicit a conditioned response

a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

the pairing of the neutral stimulus with the unconditional stimulus in order for the neutral stimulus to become the conditioned stimulus (Pavlov ringing the bell)

unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

always stimulus to _____

CS -> CR

Pavlov ringing the bell is a _____ stimulus that turns into a _____, that makes the _____

the stronger the correlation of the unconditioned stimulus to the UR, we elicit a stronger neutral stimulus to CS

the NS comes before the US and overlaps briefly

has to do with with acquisition process - if increase _____ then increase likelihood that the neutral stimulus will become the CS

misnomer - learned behaviors never go away - learning is nearly permanent (like smoking), just suppressed - Pavlov rings bell doesn't give food - will have to extinguish the response in every situation it happens

when take break and Pavlov rings bell again, dog starts salivating again - levels of salivation will get lower and lower

the conditioned response will occur in relation to stimuli that are similar to the original neutral stimulus or CS (child afraid of men with beards)

when discrimination of stimuli becomes more difficult, a person or animal tends to become more aggressive (internal conflict)

gave animals a very specific food - 2 hrs later induced nausea, animals began to avoid that specific food - called taste aversion

in the Garcia Effect you can only cause _____ and _____ aversions, but not to the other senses (survival)

can eat healthier because taste buds are numbed by chemo - can learn to eat better

Skinner used rats - conditioning in which there is an increase or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur and is affected by the delivery of reinforcement or punishment as a consequence of the behavior

between operant condintioning and classical conditioning - in OC the conditioned behavior is typically voluntary and the consequences comes after the behavior

box used to conduct operant conditioning experiments

a gradual process of selectively reinforcing behavior that comes closer to the desired response

a reinforcer is any event that increases the probability of a recurrence of the response that proceeded it

the presentation of a stimulus after a response in order to increase the likelihood that the response will recur

increase the probability of a response through the removal of a stimulus (dad stops drinking, kid makes better grades)

rat in maze, making a left in the maze shuts off elect. grid - eventually set themselves up to escape

rings buzzer before turning on elect.

grid - rat learns to turn left when buzzer turns on to beat the elect. grid coming on

one that has survival value (food)

originally in a neutral stimulus that turned into a reinforcer - used to modify behaviors (money, grades)

the process of presenting an undesired stimulus or removing a desired stimulus in order to decrease the probability that the response will recur

only suppresses a behavior, cannot establish a new behavior - when increase you also increase agitation

if increase reward, then increase desired behavior - if punishment too strong just as bad if it is too weak

needs to happen a short time after the behavior

reinforcement after every time a behavior occurs

based on time periods

skinner has rat in box - rat pressed lever, got food, but not until certain amount of time (set time) every 50 seconds for instance

same rat with lever but with different times (preset the recurring times) like 50 sec, 60 sec, 20 sec

same rat but rat get food for every 30 pushes, faster pace push

different pushes - 20 presses, 10 presses, 100 presses (preset) no predictability - press faster than fixed, work longer

thinking about our thinking - gives insight into how you learn

BANDURA - organisms learn new responses by observing the behaviors of models and then imitating it - kids watch adults and imitate (bobo toy)

nurturing and caring models are _____ likely to be engaged and imitated than angry or indifferent models

_____ parents are preferred over _____ parents

in classroom, children more likely to imitate peers that seem to have _____ or are _____

with _____ in self-esteem, we see an increase in _____

children imitate _____ children and increase imitation when _____ about correct behavior