Psychology 100- Ch. 8 "Learning"

a relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience~Classical Conditioning ~Operant Conditioning ~Non-associative Learning ~Observational Learning

(Associative learning) Developed by: Ivan Pavlov "Dog & bells" ~A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response. ~Responses: mostly involuntary reflexes and visceral responses (gut response-automatically) .~Learned associations are formed by events in n organism's environment.

EXAMPLE: Altoids, computer shutting down everytime then always wanting an altoid Mint- Stimulus Unconditioned response- natural response Conditioned response- warm, romantic feelings Conditioned stimulus- song

(Associative Learning)Developed by: B.F. Skinner (behaviorist) ~In a stimulus situation, a response is followed by a favorable consequence (reinforcement) or an unfavorable consequence ( punishment) ~Responses: mostly voluntary, spontaneous responses EXAMPLE: Rewarding in chocolate for good behavior- reinforcement Spray Bottle- Punishment (learning not to do it again)

~Habituation~Sensitization

~learning by responses to repeated, unchanging stimuli Example: Started in beginning but then gets used to it (rat)

~an increase reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one very strong stimulusExample: Strong stimuli afterwards (PTSD, fireworks)

Developed by: Albert Bandura- Cognitive (thought process)~An observer attends to a model's behavior and its consequences~Response: mostly voluntary responses, often consisting of novel and complex sequences(much more thought) Example: looking around when stretching, observed director, observed people

-Unconditioned Stimulus(US)-Unconditioned Response(UR)

~a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning ** Natural Response** Example: Smell of food, needle into gums

~an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioningExample: Feeling hunger- unless learned different

~Conditioned Stimulus(CS)~Conditioned Response(CR)

~a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned responseExample: Sound of drill

~a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioningExample: Cringe

~Acquisition ~Extinction~Spontaneous Recovery

~the development of a leaned response Example: Pavlov's dog salivated on a higher percentage of trials as training progresses

~the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency Example: If the metronome is no longer followed by food, the dog stops salivating to the metronome

~during extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest Example: the dog shows no salivation at the end of the day's extinction training but after a night of rest in the kennel, the dog salivated at the beginning of the next extinction session

~Stimulus Generalization~Stimulus Discrimination

~occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similarExample: the child who learned to be afraid of bees after being stung might also begin to fear wasps and yellow jackets

~occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond that way to similar stimuliExample: the dog eventually learns to discriminate, between the abilities of the two stimuli to predict food

~Edward Thorndike- wanted to know if animals could think~Found out animals could learn, without thinking or understanding ~Law of Effect- if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response was strengthened ** Positive stimulus= do more***If action receives awards that action stamps in the mind*

*B.F. Skinner*~Reinforcement- occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response *Increase behavior- rat will press lever for food*

~Primary Reinforcement- events that are inherently reinforcement because they satisfy biological needs *Usually food, water, warmth, sex, and affection ~Secondary Reinforcement- events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcements*Often money, good grades, attention, applause, etc(to be learned)

~Continuous Reinforcement- occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced~Intermittent Reinforcement- occurs when a designated response if reinforced only some of the time *Intermittent is more resistant to extinction than continuous

~Fixed Ratio Schedule- the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses *every time*~Variable Ratio Schedule- the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses *varies when given*~Fixed Interval Schedule- the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time has elapsed *"end of the month award"~Variable Interval Schedule- the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time has elapsed *"mix up time when awarded"

~Positive Reinforcement- when a response if strengthened because it is followed by the presence of a rewarding stimulus ~Negative Reinforcement- when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus *turn lights off, ill take something that you don't like away(long-term change)

~Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response ~Positive Punishment- a consequence that decreases the behavior by applying a averse stimulus (adding)~Negative Punishment- a method to reduce behavior by removing something desirable (removing play time)

~Effective Punishment Requires: ~Punishment applied swiftly ~ Just sever enough to be effective ~Consistency ~Withdrawal of privileges works better than corporal (Spankings) punishment

"Most human behavior is learned by observation through modeling." -Albert Bandura~Bandura believes reinforcement mainly determines the performance of a response~Bandura states operant and classical conditioning can take place vicariously through observations learning (one gets punished and you learn from it)

~Attention~Retention~Reproduction~Motivation

~You must pay attention to another person's behavior and its consequences to learn (focused awareness) Examples: children wear the jersey of the best players in the sport

~You must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory

~You must be able to reproduce the response that is stored in your memory Example: an athlete works on her technique after watching films of an elite athlete in her sport

~You are unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless you are motivated to do so (important to you) Example: one student received extra credit for participating in an experiment, so his friends also signed up to participate

~Systemic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.

Step 1- Specify target behavioral Step 2- Gather baseline data Step 3- Design program Step 4- Execute and evaluate your program Step 5- Bring program to an end

~Identify target behavior "I need to stop swearing" (very specific)

~Gather baseline data "How often does this happen, do I like to run or walk"

~Design program (Reinforcements, punishments) "Cheat day- Reinforcement"

~Execute and evaluate your program "Examine program- did it work?"

~End program(Has time limit, doesn't last forever)*Change behavior and the attitude follows