PSYC101 CH.5 STUDY GUIDE

______ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

What is an example of a behavior that indicates learning?

According to the ________________, understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental actors that produce them.

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called __________.

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two ________.

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly proceeds it. Thus, when we see lightning,we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of __________.

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____________.

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through ________________.

Observational learning involves learning through ___________.

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through __________.

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through __________.

When learning to play tennis, your instructor demonstrates serving and backhand returns, then you attempt to imitate those sequences. What concept is this learning method describing?

The adage "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" best reflects this type of learning.

__________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of __________.

Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is an ___________.

What is an example of an unconditioned response?

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a ______.

A baby touches a pink flower and is stung by a bee. The next day the baby's mother brings home some pink flowers and brings one to the baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. This reaction is most likely a(n) ______.

In classical conditioning, the __________ connection is unlearned.

In classical conditioning, the __________ connection is learned.

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _______ in this situation is salivation.

Pavlov's dog salivated to the sound of a bell because __________.

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ___ before conditioning and the ______ after conditioning had occurred.

__________ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

_______ means that the CS must not only precede the US closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way.

The extent to which the CS and US occur close together in time reflects _______.

___________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Mark's dog knows to sit when Mark says "sit". Now that Mark wants to teach his dog a new trick, he sits when he is told to "speak". The dogs behavior is an example of _________.

_______ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

______ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to a certain stimuli and not others.

_____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld.

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened?

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called _________.

No longer being in love with someone but experiencing a scent or place that reminds you of who you loved brings back good, former feelings.

The sudden onset of good feelings is triggered by ______.

Watson and Rayner used ________ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, _______ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.

In John Watson's experiement on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) ______ to condition Albert.

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a little white rat.

Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. This study illustrates _________.

"Classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others."

__________ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and it's conditioned response.

__________ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Robert drank too much tequila and began vomiting and became very nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react the next time he drinks or smells tequila?

Classical conditioning can produce _______, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person's ability to fight disease.

Taste aversion is an example of __________.

Classical conditioning helps to explain _______.

which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Advertisers apply classical conditioning in commercials by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product, in hopes that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation the product is the ____________.

explain why someone who is addicted to a drug can overdose if he/she uses in a strange environment.

The body could not use the stimuli in the strange environment to prepare for it.

________ helps explain drug habituation

_________ is more effective in explaining voluntary behavior.

______________, the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

According to ___________. behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened.

"Skinner believed that the mechanisms of learning among humans are different than the mechanisms of learning among animals.

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Bears and zoo animals being cooperative without anesthesia for routine body maintenance is an example of _____________.

_______ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.

Sea lions throwing and catching balls on their nose who receive fish every time after their act have been trained to perform this behavior through _____________.

The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called __________.

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called ___________.

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _________.

Waking up a few seconds before your alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound is an example of ___________.

Abby's mother constantly told her to water the plants in the lawn.

She eventually complied and did what her mother wanted her so that her mother doesn't tell her the same thing again.

A special kind of response to negative reinforcement is called ____________. (Still working hard to achieve a goal that has fallen short but already been achieved).

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called __________, in which the organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

A ______ reinforcer is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.

This is a good example of a primary reinforcer.

A ______ reinforcer is a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.

_____ is considered a secondary reinforcer

In operant conditioning, ______ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

A dog who barks at the neighbors because they give him food, but doesn't when his owner is present because he knows he's not supposed to get fed is an example of _________.

Carol gives her dog, Spike, a chew stick each time he gets the ball back, on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to get the ball back on command.

Fred's parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules.

Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred's parents can't understand why he isn't a better-behaved child. Fred parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a _____________.

Matt is training his dog Buster to sit on command.

He gives buster a dog biscuit each time he sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules and Buster now has to sit on command 3 times before he gets a biscuit. Matt used a ____ schedule first, and then switched to a _____ to train Buster.

A work is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds.

On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Jose's employer pays him every other Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement.

_______ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

Spanking is a form of _________; time out is a form of ________.

Todd is scolded each time he bullies his little brother by taking away his toys. Scolding Todd is an example of ___________.

Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After being grounded a couple times, the misbehavior decreases.

Grounding larry is an example of ________.

Positive punishment is meant to ________.

__________ is meant to increase behaviors.

Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of __________.

Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) programs rely on what principles of learning to help people develop programs to change?

Your professor wants to help students to learn how to write a high quality research paper, so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper.

Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

________ and _______ are both associated with Bandura's model of observational learning.

________, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the models actions.

This final component of Bandura's model of observational learning determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated.

According to Tolman's view on purposive learning, _______.

According to Tolman, the concept of _____ is essential to understanding classical conditioning.

_________ is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

Exploring a different route home and then later using that route when there is a bad accident or traffic jam in order to get home is an example of _________.

Rats being able to run through a maze correctly without ever being reinforced to do so is an example of the rats using their _______.

_________ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

______ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

Insight learning requires "thinking outside the box," setting aside previous expectations and assumptions.

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning is called ______.

A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth is an example of _________.

___________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

Ally, an athlete believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time, despite her practicing every day.

Which of the following explains Ally's attitude?