Learning Psy Test 2

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively.

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________.

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________.

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________.

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.

Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.

One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called ______.

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________.

The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________.

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________.

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.

In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______.

A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________.

The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________.

Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________.

Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure.

This is probably an example of__________.

Morgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove weeds from a vineyard without damaging the grape plants.

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with__________.

Researchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of ____________ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand.

Shepard Siegel's work suggests that some deaths attributed to _____________ are actually the result of conditioning.

Diana Woodruff-Pak found that people who condition slowly are more likely to develop ___________.

If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is__________.

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show __________.

Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by __________.

The phenomenon of __________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

E. L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand _______.

Thorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals."

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box.

Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.

Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials.

The law of effect says that _______.

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____.

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______.

Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.

________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box."

Operant learning may also be referred to as _______.

Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue.

Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______.

Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______.

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______.

The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______.

The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______.

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called _______.

Negative reinforcement is also called _______.

Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly.

Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.

The author of your text calls Skinner the ______.

The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______.

All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______.

Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with ______.

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _______ reinforcer.

Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.

Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______.

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______.

Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________.

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______.

________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.

_____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement.

Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____.

The best title for the figure below is ______.

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.

Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.

According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.

The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that _______.

Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________.

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______.

Shaping is the reinforcement of successive _______.

The figure below from your text illustrates _______.

Skinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________.

All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except ________.

The first step in building a behavior chain is to do a ______.

Skinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior chain. Plyny was a ______.

The classic experiments on insightful problem solving were done with chimpanzees by _________.

Insightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of _______.

The banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler's experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ______.

In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to _______.

Some studies show that offering rewards reduces creativity. Research by Robert Eisenberger and others suggests that this is because in these studies _______.

Probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stories in an English class is to _______.

Superstitous behavior is behavior that occurs repeatedly despite the fact that it __________.

Koichi Ono got superstitious behavior in university students by providing points noncontingently at regular intervals. One student ended up repeatedly ______.

Studies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure.

One idea for preventing learned helplessness is _______ training.

Robert Eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ______.

Stuart Vyse's book on superstition is called _______.