Competency 2: Knowledge of Appropriate Student-Centered Learning Environments

instructional/test adaptations;does not change learning targetcategorized 4 ways- timing, presentation of material, setting, response

Pavlov, Thorndike and Skinner

theory focuses on operant conditioning, and concepts focus on the behavior which is reinforced is more likely to be repeated and that behavior which is not rewarded or is punished is less likely to be repeated

software program that facilitates the organization of information such as letter or mailing address

Deductive reasoning starts the teacher presenting information and ends with the students searching for a valid solution.

Deductive reasoning requires the teacher to present a general overview of material prior to the students drawing a specific conclusion.

occurs when student learn that only specific behaviors lead to reinforcing or punishing consequences, not similar behaviors.

theory focuses on the law of effect, and concepts focus on the idea that behaviors resulting in favorable consequences are likely to be repeated and that behavior which is not awarded or is punished is less likey to be repeated

learned behavior no longer elicits an expected reinforcement if the reinforcement for the behavior is removed (ie. ignoring)

stimlus generalization occurs when students generalize behaviors beyond that which is reinforced.

Inductive reasoning starts with clues and the student must develop a generalized explanation. For example: students gather details about various types of mammals, and then develop their own general statement to explain how all mammals are alike. Inductive reasoning is perfect for inquiry-based learning and project or problem-based learning

theory focuses on classical conditioning, and concepts focus on pairing of neutral stimuli with unconditioned stimuli, resulting in learning a conditioned response to a stimuli that was neutral in the past

behaviors are reinforced on apartial schedule of reinforcement

changing the target skill or the construct of the learning occurring

curriculum is fundamentally changed, lower the performance expectation, reducing the amount of content to be learned or the complexity of the assessment components

pairs undesireable taskand desireable task; when and then; when you are done with your work,then we will go outside

decreases likelihood of repeated behavior; if punishment is fair.

strategy that allows students to alternate between role of teacher and student; 4 steps:1.predict 2.ask questions 3.

clarify 4. summarize

reinforcers (praise or removal of an undesirable stimulus) increases the likeihood behavior will be repeated, whether the behavior is positive (sharing) or negative (disrupting class)

desired behaviors are reinforced on a continutous schedule...

then partial schedule.

teach targeted behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of behavior in question. Instructor can skillfully reinforce student responses that approximate a desirable outcome, like creative writing, by reinforcing selectively those attempts at self-expression that emerge during writing assessments.

Transition statements are used to transition a student from one activity to another. They can include a time period to accomplish the transition.

allowing students the needed time to transition from one learning activity to the next or from one place in the learning environment to another: A teacher should pause for 3 to 5 seconds after asking a question before calling on a student to answer.

This wait time allows students who process answers a little slower time to formulate an answer