Stock
-Evidence that a stockholder is an owner of a portion or a share of a corporation-Ownership, equity
Bond
- Evidence that the bondholder is owed money by the by the company (or any other entity) that issued the bond- Loan, debt
Pure debt
- Mandatory annual payments (interest), regardless of performance- Fixed payments-Repayment at a certain maturity date- First to remove assets at bankruptcy
Pure equity
- Optional annual payments (dividends)-Variable payments (can increase or decrease)- Last to remove assets at bankruptcy
Government bond
- Bonds issued by national governments (sovereign bonds)- Also known as Treasury bonds- In theory, they have zero risk of default
Municipal bonds
Bonds issued by provinces, cities, agencies (sub-sovereign bonds)
Corporate bonds
Bonds issued by companies
Asset-backed bonds
Bonds that are supported, or underlaid, by a special pool of assets (securitization)
Public debt
Corporate bonds
Private debt
Loans directly negotiated with banks or groups of private lenders
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Trade
A trade privately arranged through a dealer, broker, or investment bank
Mutual fund
- takes care of automatic withdrawls and investments-requires annual management fees
Financial Institutions
- Intermediaries that gather savings from investors and channel it to companies- The 4 primary financial institutions are banks, investment banks, investment funds, and insurance companies
Traditional bank
- Borrows money from depositors- Lends money to loan customers- Makes money on the spread between the low interest rate the bank's depositors require and the higher interest rate the bank charges loan customers
Primary asset of Traditional banks
- loans receivable- the amount that the bank expects to collect in the future from the commercial borrowers who have come to the bank
Primary liability of Traditional banks
- deposits made to the bank in the form of savings
Best way to check the status of the current economy
Look at the bad debt trend of local banks, which will indicate how financially stable or unstable people are
Primary functions of Investment Banks
1) Lead companies through deals2) Engage in investment trading
Index funds
- Can be thought of as a computer- Invests money "according to a mathematical rule"- Low management fee- available to anyone regardless of knowledge or net worth- Useful to long-term investors who just want to put their money in, and let it sit there
Managed fund
- Experts specifically and strategically decide where to invest your money- expensive management fee in exchange for attention to detail and expertise- goal is to at least beat the S 500
Private equity funds
- Generally require large investments- hard to get your money out (low liquidity)- limited to sophisticated investors with a lot of money
Hedge funds
- use mathematical relationships to come up with very sophisticated rapid trading strategies, and they're gonna invest your money on that basis- limited to sophisticated investors with a lot of money
S&P 500 Index
- most popular index fund- represents the 500 largest companies in the United States- used as a common benchmark
Two ways that insurance companies make money
1) Change premiums greater than losses and administrative costs2) Invest income during the lag time between the moment money is given to them and the moment they have to pay out claims
Property/casualty insurance companies
- Cover losses from flood, fire, earthquake, and automobile losses- examples include State Farm, Allstate, Geico, etc.
Health insurance companies
- cover traditional health insurance, catastrophic health insurance, disability, long-term health care. - Classic example is Blue Cross Blue Shield
Life insurance companies
- Sells term policy and whole life policies - Examples include Prudential, MetLife, New York Life. - People pay premiums, and they guarantee that they'll provide for those who are left after we pass.
Business insurance
- Help with settling business disputes such as medical malpractice, business interruption issues, price indemnity.- Examples include Zurich Insurance, Travelers Insurance, AIG, etc.
Price Risk
Uncertainty about the future price of an asset, such as inventory, equipment, etc.
Credit Risk
Uncertainty that the other party in an agreement will abide by the terms of the agreement
Interest rate risk
Uncertainty about future interest rates and their impact on future cash flows
Exchange rate risk
Uncertainty about fair values when assets and liabilities are in a foreign currency
Cash flow risk
Uncertainty about amount of cash that will be generated or consumed in the future, based on decisions made today
Beta
The market-wide risk that cannot be eliminated through diversification- Beta = The covariance between a company's returns and the market returns, divided by the variance in the market returns
Beta = 1
- Perfect correlation- Means that the investment risk moves exactly with market risk
Beta > 1
Value is very sensitive to market changes
Beta < 1
Value is not really impacted by broad economic movements
Equity risk premium
The extra amount you expect to earn on your investment because you're investing in risky assets, and willing to accept some risk
CAPM
Expected return = Risk-free rate + (Beta * Equity risk premium)
ETF
Exchange-traded funds- Can reflect a specific index- A lot cost, low effort way of getting into investing
Mutual Fund
- Not traded on an exchange, so you have to go directly to a mutual fund company to buy and sell- They are actively managed by experts who buy and sell holdings to take advantage of changes in real time