Implicit/Explicit learning and Motor Imagery

Traditionally vital, Fitts and Posner - leads to autonomy. New research suggests it may degrade performance.

Passive accumulation of task relevant information processed at an unconscious level, not easily verbalised.

Procedural memory.

Conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. Episodic, autobiographical. Semantic, ability to recognise people. Working memory - may interfere with motor execution.

Recollection of singular events.

ALl explicit memory that isn't autobiographical. Trivia. Reading, writing, maths.

Reducing exp TR knowledge, learning by analogy. Analogy had less Exp knowledge than control and exp group. Analogy had better retention, identical kinematics.

Explicit. Body parts and movements.

Implicit. Apparatus/Implements. Found to have greater economy of action.

Internal focus - increase in task related info processing. Conscious control of movement, stops automatic processing, decrement in performance.

Internal foci - Stroke patient focus on limb extension when reaching.

External foci - Parkinson's with hypokinesia focus on metronome.

Dynamic mental representation of motor behaviour unaccompanied by real movements brought about by combinations of modalities.

Visual, Kinaesthetic, Cutaneous, Auditory, Olfactory.

Performance and MI. Planning, preparing, simulating, observing - Motor representation, similar neurophysiological substrate. Same as perception in function.

Execution time increases with difficulty in real and virtual tasks. Same time lengths.

Covariation of HR and pulmonary ventilation with imagined effort.

Musc activity increases with respect to rest.

MI and physical practice superior during transfer.

Good spatial resolution, poor temporal. BOLD response, haemodynamic blood flow. Expensive. Limited ROM.

Poor spatial resolution, good temporal, magnetic field, better ROM.

Cheap, easy, susceptible to movement artifact, old methods of processing data question accuracy.

Supp motor area.

Primary motor cortex.

Inferior parietal cortex.

Basal ganglia.

Cerebellum.

Activation in motor cortex during imagery, compared to actual.

Golf imagery, wall vs rest vs imagery. Decreased activation - increased skill level for supp motor area and cerebellum.

Agreement between golf swing imagery and brain activation areas.

Could reduce time needed with therapist.