IDEA definition of learning disability (LD)
lists processing disorders that affect listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling and mathematics
1.
short-term or long-term memory 2. auditory perception 3. visual perception 4. sequencing 5.
attention 6. organization 7. social perception
students with LD can have deficits in any or all of these...
"instructional disability"
students with LD should not be confused with students who have a ____
discrepancy model
20 pt difference between the students IQ and their performance on an achievement evaluation
-doesn't account for poor instruction
-sometimes only appears after years of school failure
-doesn't always identify LD correctly
discrepancy model...
24%
growth in LD has decreased by approximately __% in recent years
prevalence of LD
____ has leveled off for older students
boys, girls
prevalence remains higher for __ than __
-brain injury
-heredity
-chemical imbalance
physiological causes of LD
-prenatal
-perinatal
-postnatal
brain injury category of physiological causes of LD
curriculum and environmental contributors
-poor nutrition
-adverse emotional climate at home
-toxins or severe allergies
-poor teaching
-lack of stimulation
-poverty
-poor instruction
cognitive characteristics
average or above average intelligence but weakness in one or more areas
-attention
-perception
-memory
-thinking/processing
areas of weakness in cognitive characteristics
social and emotional characteristics
problems with:
-social perception
-social competence
-motivation
social competence
nonverbal learning disabilities
-out of seat behavior
-physical or verbal aggression
types of behavioral problems
-communication difficulties
-frustration with academics
-attention difficulties
behavioral problems may be caused by...
-formal assessment
-classroom assessment
traditional approach to identifying students with LD
-norm-referenced intelligence and achievement tests
-criterion-referenced tests
formal assessment...
-curriculum-based measurement
-portfolio assessment
-observation
classroom assessment...
young
__ children generally not diagnosed as having LD
delays
programs address developmental ___
high
in early childhood LD potential misdiagnosis is ___
aren't
indicators for LD usually __ apparent in preschool kids
-gross-motor and fine-motor skills
-expressive and receptive language skills
programs address developmental delays in...
98%
__% of students in a typical public school setting
60%
__% of students in general settings with their peers
-higher students self-confinence
-improved academic progress
-higher grades
-better social outcomes
research on inclusive practice shows...
-include career awareness and exploration
-teach problem solving, organization, self-advocacy and communication skills
-work experience are valuable
-teach students self-advocacy skills
model transition practice shows...
