Erikson: Psychosocial Theory
Ego (from Freud) acquires attitudes and skills that make the child an active, contributing member of society.Also development co-incides with each culture's life situation.Psychosocial development.

Erikson Birth: Birth - 1 year
Trust vs Mistrust:Trust: Warm, responsive care infants gives trust/confidence. Mistrust: when handled harshly and wait too long for care.
Erikson: 1-3 years
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt:With mental and motor skills, toddlers want to choose and decide for themselves. Autonomy is when parents permit reasonable choices and do not force shame on their child.
Erikson: 3-6 years
Initiative vs Guilt:Children experiment with who they want to become through play.

Initiative is a sense of ambition and responsibility which is developed from the parent's support of their sense of purpose.Problem with parents is can over-control meaning too much guilt.

Piaget: Cognitive Development Theory
Children construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Information processing.

Piaget: Birth - 2 years
Sensorimotor: Infants think with their eyes, ears, hands and mouth, resulting in creating ways of solving sensorimotor problems. Eg., finding hidden toys, putting objects in and out of containers. Pressing a button to hear a sound.
Piaget: 2-7 years
Preoperational: Preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries.

Development of language and make-believe play, though lacking in logic.

Bowlby: Attachment Theory
A close, emotional bond between infant and caregiver that develops over a series of phases that includes recognising the caregivers' face, voice, and other features as well as expecting the caregiver to provide pleasure in social interaction and relief from distress. A child needs safety and security to be able to explore.Emotional and Social Development.A child can be attached to an abusive parent.

Arnold Gesell
-child developes in an orderly sequence set by heredity -no developmental event will take place until a child is ready for it to happen maturity traits are identified in steps in areas such as :-motor activity-emotional expression fears-social relations and playtimes
Montessori Method
Children to teach themselves through rich-sensory and hands-on material and through nurture and love.
Vygotsky: The Zone of Proximal Development
Is the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but can be learned with guidance/assistance of adults.Low Zone: Need assistance; High Zone: perform skill alone.It shows the child's cognitive skills that are in process of maturing and can only be accomplished with assistance of more abled person - to help them think beyond their 'Zone'.

Vygotsky: Scaffolding
Is changing the level of support - linked to the Zone.Dialogue is the tool of scaffolding in the 'Zone'. With Dialogue where the child interacts with more skilled person, their concepts go from being unsystematic, disorganised and spontaneous to systematic, logical and rational.
Vygotsky: Language and Thought
Use of Language/Dialogue in Scaffolding: important role in development.Use Language for social communication; solving tasks; planning, guiding and monitor their behaviour. Use of 'private speech' for self-regulation - important tool of thought.

Governs their behaviour and guide themselves.All mental functions have external or social origins.

Development Theories Comparisons
Erikson - balanced biological/cultural interaction perspective.Early family experiences are important influences. Discontinuity between stages.

Piaget - emphasis on interaction and adaptation; environment provides the setting for cognitive development.Childhood experiences important influences. Discontinuity.Vygotsky - the interaction of nature and nurture with strong emphasis on culture. Childhood experiences important influences. No stages in his theory.

Nature/Nurture issue
Where development is primarily influenced by nature - the child's biological inheritance OR nurture - the child's environmental experiences.
What is a theory?
A set of facts or principles analyzed in relation to one another and used to explain phenomena(a fact or behavior that can be observed)
Abraham Maslow developed what?
The hierarchy of human needs
How many levels does Maslow's hierarchy have?
Five
What are the 5 levels of Maslows hierarchy?
Level 1-PhysicalLevel 2-Comfort and SafteyLevel 3- SocialLevel 4-Self-esteemLevel 5-Self-Actualizing
Do the lower levels of needs have to be met before higher needs can be accomplished?
Yes
Erik Erikson developed what?
He developed eight pyschosocial stages through which humans develop throughout their entire lifetime. It is called the Eight Conflicts in Emotional Development.
How is Erik Erikson recognized?
As a development pyschologist who can be compared to Sigmund Freud because of his theory that humans develop in stages.

erik erikson -
developing a healthy personality -8 stages in a life span-everyone has to develop at each stage -culture is part of a persons socialization-if you dont achieve a stage you will see it later
What is Jean Piaget's theory called?
The Four Stages of Cognitive Development
What was Jean Piaget interested in?
Learning how children develop an intellectual understanding of the world.
What was Jean Piaget's theory based on?
The concept of cognitive structures. These structures are patterns of physical or mental action that underlie acts of intelligence and correspond to stages of child development.
What does Piaget assume about humans?
They take the information that they recieve and process it,then react to it.
In each of Jean Piaget's stages what does development focus on?
Acquiring a diffrent set of related characteristics and abilities.
What are the Four Stages of Cognitive Development?
1- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)2- Preoperational (2-7 years)3-Concrete-operational (7-11 years)4-Formal Operations (11+ years)
What does Piaget's theory help you understand?
Why children make thinking "mistakes"
What are two primary instructional techniques that are based on Piaget's theory?
Discovery learning and supporting the developing interests of children.

Children should be exposed to a wide variety of concrete experiences such as?
*Use of manipulative field trips and working in groups to help them learn
What did Lev Vygotsky develop?
He developed the social development theory of learning
What did Lev Vygotsky theorize?
That social and cultural interaction are the primary sources of learning and behavior.
What were some of Vygotsky's major theory ideas?
*Children acquire knowledge through culture.*Children learn through problem solving experiences shared with a knowledgeable abult or peer.*A child can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboartion that could not be achieved alone. Vygotsky called this the zone of proximal and claimed that learning occured in this zone.
What does the culture that surrounds children and their social interaction lead to?
Continous step-by-step changes in their learning and behavior.

Gesell
Maturationist Theory-Genetics determine human traits.
Freud, Erickson
Psychoanalytic Theory-Emotional development stems from an ability to resolve conflicts between desires, impulses, and pressures.
Piaget
Cognitive/Developmental Theory-Intellectual development is personal and intimate. Learners assimilate and accomodate new ideas/information.
Vygotsky
Sociocultural Theory-Children construct knowledge of the world through social interaction and socialization.

Maturationist Theory
A theory that holds that most of what humans become is predetermined by genetics that traits inherited from ancestors simply unfold as children mature.
Behaviorist Theory
A theory that holds that most of what humans become is shaped by the environment.
Social Learning Theory
A theory that holds that humans learn new behaviors by imitating the people around them. When they are rewarded for this imitation, they will perform these behaviors more frequently.

Psychoanalytic Theory
A theory that holds that emotional development is influenced by tensions between internal desires and impulses and the demands of the outside world. The resolution of these tensions is needed to become a healthy adult.
Id
Freud's term for the part of the mind that contains instinctual urges and strives for immediate gratification but is kept in check by the ego and the superego.
Ego
Freud's term for the part of the mind that is rational and regulates and redirects the instinctual impulses of the id.
Superego
Freud's term for the part of the mind that comprises the conscience, including the values and mores of one's culture.
Skinner
Operant/Respondent ConditioningBehavior is governed by rewards and punishments
Preoperational State
Piaget's stage of cognitive development that encompasses early childhood, in which children use internal thought, including symbols, but still rely on perception and physical cues int he environment for learning.
Concrete Operational State
Piaget's stage of cognitive development that encompasses the elementary years, in which thinking be omes more internal and abstract but in which children still need the support of concrete objects in order to learn.
Formal Operational State
Piaget's most advanced stage of cognitive development that encompasses adolescence and adult-hood, in which thinking is purely abstract and not tied to the immediate physical world.