Bio 20C (community)

1. conditioning2. imprinting 3.

spatial learning4. life history modified learning5. mistake based learning6. cognition(candy is so like milk chocolate)

simple learningex.

pavlov's dog

fast and irreversible learningoccurs during a critical time windowex. geese and boots

- a type of learning-recognition and manipulation of facts about the world-ability to form concepts and gain insights

signal from one individual modifies behavior of another

information containing behavior-visual, tactile, olfactory, auditory

type of communitcation.-to persist, it must be rare

predicts an animal will maximize its benefits and maximize its costs with respect to food selection- ratio of value vs. abundance

Movement that results in a change of position

movement toward or away from a stimulusphoto = towards lightphono = towards soundsgeo = towards soundschem = towards a chemical

long distance movement associated with change of seasons3 types:1. Piloting2.

Compass navigation3. Bi-coordinate navigation

type of migrationcompass navigation plus knowledge of where you are

use stars, sun, or magnetic fields for migration

type of migrationuse of visual references

A behavior that imparts a cost to self and a benefit to another(aka: self sacrificing behavior)2 types: Kin selection, reciprocal altruism

altruism occurs if cost is less than benefit due to relatednessex. white fronted bee eaters-Birds more likely to help rear full siblings than less related birds-offered no assistance to unrelated birds

type of altruismself sacrificing behavior with unrelated individuals

Altruism in social groups that have sterile individualsex. ants, bees

factors limiting population growth-not affected by population size-ex. bad weather conditions that affect the entire population

factor that limits population growth-becomes more pronounced with increasing densityex. availability of food, abundance of predators, and disease

r is intrinsic growth rate-good dispersal-small size-short life spanex.

house flies, rabbits

-slow growth-long life spanex. Oak trees, blue birds, polar bears

all the organisms living together in the same area

interactions between two species5 basic types:1. Mutualism2. Commensalism3. Consumption4.

Amensalism5. Competition

+/+type of species interactions

type of species interaction+/0ex. barnicles on a whales skin

(aka: antagonistic interactions)type of species interaction+/-

type of species interaction0/-

type of species interaction-/-

form of competitionsum of total resources used by a species

each species experiences the same decrease in fitness

type of competitiontotal possible use of the environment by a species

One species has a greater fitness decrease than the other-more common than symmetric

actual observed use of the environment by a species-realized niche can be smaller then the fundamental niche because of interactions with other species

BR > CB = BenefitR = coefficient of relatedness between individualsC = Cost

The hypothesis that 2 species with the same niche cannot co-exist

1. Herbivory2. Parasitism3.

Predation

type of consumption-grazing organisms (herbivores) consume plant tissue

type of consumption-parasite consumes small amounts of tissues in a host organism-ex. mosquito-ex. leech

type of consumption-predator kills and consumes all or most of another organism (prey)

always presentedex. schools of fishex.

weaondry of a porcupine

produced in response to a predator-inducible defense minimizes fitness cost

type of constitutive defence2 types:1. Mullerian2. Batesian

species with similar defenses resemble each other

species without defenses resemble those with defenses

Amount of prey regulates predator abundance

Predators control prey abundanceex. hare-lynx population cycle

two species that do not directly interct exert influence on each otherex. tropic cascadeex.

Otters <3 Kelp

Species with affects of communities that are disproportionate to their biomass-tend to be top level predators

key feature of community-weighted measure that includes both species # and abundance

total # of species

amount of plant material available to herbivores and decomposers

2 measures:1. Resistance2. Resiliance

measure of how much disturbance affects a community

measure of how quickly a community recovers from disturbance

A researcher of communities-saw communities as working cooperatively

A researcher of communities-had an individualistic view

recovery of a community after disturbance

All species and soil/propagules are removedex. lava flowex.

glacier movement

Some or all species removed, but soil/propagules are left intactex. fire leaves seeds behind

pioneer species move in-high disperasal-fast growing-short-lived

(Type of community)-long lived-slow growing-superior competitors move in

stable persistant community

species interaction during succession-one species makes sonditions more tolerable for another

species interaction during succession-one species prevents the establishment of another

species interaction during succession-existing species do not influence the arrival of new species

View of successionWho can live there? (spiecies involved)Who does what to whom? (species interactions)What happened before or next door? (environmental circumstances)

Dynamic equilibrium between - rates of colonization- rates of extinction

Species numberas S increases, colonization of new species decreases and rates of extinction increase