1) John Dewey
• What should be taught and how, Teachers most effective—relate new info to what they already know • Education reform
2) Frederick Jackson Turner
The Significance of the Frontier in American History"—frontier experience had affected the thinking of people + shape of American institutions • Turner argued that the west provided opportunity economically, socially, democratically and had a renewing effect on society; • This lead to individualization, and the formation of the American character.

Turner felt that the frontier was not the sole contributor to the American institutions, but others took his work to the extreme. • Unfortunately some right-wingers twisted the Turner Thesis to advocate nativism - Josiah Strong and his publication "Our Country."

3) William James / pragmatism
• rejected deterministic interpretation of Darwinism/ one-sided explanations of existence, belief in free will. The mind can determine "truth" • Pragmatic approach—reform spirit
4) Charles Eliot J
• Harvard—reform; encouraged new teaching methods + professors (Adams)—standards of medical schools raised • moved Harvard away from colonial style instruction of classics and required courses in modern languages, economics, and laboratory sciences.
5) Thorstein Veblen / "Higher Learning in America"
• in his "the Higher Learning of America", the "intrusion of businesslike ideals, aims and methods" harmed the universities
6) Winslow Homer
• influenced by realistic ideas—lithographer +watercolor medium • Romantic artist
7) Walt Whitman
• Realism Artist
8) Thomas Eakins
• Scientific spirit—Eakins—"The Gross Clinic" • Realism artist
9) Mark Twain
• 1st great American Novelist • "Huckleberry Finn" • Used realism in characters
10) Oliver Wendell Holmes
• published "the common law"—"felt necessities of the time" should govern ppl, not precedent • Right of ppl—deal w/ contemporary problems • Laws should evolve as times + conditions change
Huckleberry Finn"
• Mark Twain
Harper's" / "The Century" / "Atlantic Monthly"
• Magazine journalism; dealt with current events and were conservative in nature
13) Chautauqua Movement
• founded by John Vincent + Lewis Miller—illustrates desire for new information/education—two week summer course for Sunday school teachers • pursuit of knowledge
Vassar College
• Women's college advances
15) Harvard
• Charles Elliott moved Harvard away from colonial style instruction of classics and required courses in modern languages, economics, and laboratory sciences.

• reform; encouraged new teaching methods + professors (Adams)—standards of medical schools raised • Charles Elliot

17) Morrill Act Land Grants
• granted land to each state—30,000 acres per senator + representative—provided endowments—gave many important modern universities their start • Senate and federal aid led to a rise in universities;
18) Public education in 1870
• Pursuit of knowledge, reforms
19) American colleges in 1870
• Reforms, Increasing number of colleges
20) Pragmatism & organized religion
• William James + John Dewey • reform spirit • "good" and "true" could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideals. They said that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge.
21) Realism
• social problems: slums, capitalism, Darwinism, industrialism • concern for complexities of individual personalities + accurate description of middle-class
22) The reality of "rags to riches"
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23) Electric trolleys
• Replaced the horse-drawn carriages, new method of mass transportation used in cities.
24) Subways
• One of many solutions to the problem of lack of transportation for the masses.
25) Herbert Spencer
• was an ultraconservative who even opposed public school and the post office based on the concept of Social Darwinism. He felt evolution should be the sole force guiding men.
16) Electives
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