AP Psychology: Learning Vocab

in behavior modification, events that typically precede the target response

the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring

a type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimuli

a type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus function as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

the tendency for an animals instinctive responses to interfere with conditioning processes

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.

A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response

the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and be effective

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

learning by observing others

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

the strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimuli

occurs when a response is strengthened because followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus