Biology 1002

Branch of Biology that is concerned with naming classifying organisms

Modern taxonomy. Introduced the two part scientific name (Scientific bi nomenclature)

Genus species

a group that includes a number of very closely related species

a genus that includes populations of organisms that can potentially interbreed naturally

Eight taxonomic categories

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

emphasizes patterns of evolutionary descent as biologists realized that taxonomic categories should reflect evolutionary relatedness

The more categories two organisms share the closer their evolutionary relationship

We have a common ancestor, T

Modern classification. Reconstructs evolutionary history.

Science of reconstructing phylogeny or evolutionary history.

Features; genetic, characteristics, appearance What defines life? *Function is the same.

Anatomy

They look at external and internal structures help identify evolutionary history

Same structures and functions, common ancestor, split into different species

Systematists examine genetic similarities between DNA nucleotide sequences

96%

chromosome structure

Anamalia and Plantae (including plants, bacteria, fungi, and photosynthetic eukaryotes)

It didn't accurately reflect life's history

The solution: Three domain system. Carl Woese discovered that prokaryotic organisms included two very distinct groups (Bacteria and Archaea)

No nucleus or nuclear envelope Genetic material in a nucleoid region No organelles or internal membrane

Nucleus with an envelope Genetic material in the nucleus Contains cytoplasm with membrane bound organelles

Bacteria (p) Archaea (p) Eukarya (e) Animals Protists Fungi Plants

They split very early in life, long before animals and plants evolved

Four: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protists

They change when new info is discovered. They are frequent changes at the species level. Rarely are there changes in the domain and kingdom level. Ex: African (Savannah and Forest) and Indian Elephant

Total number of species in an ecosystem Currently: 1.5 million most are animals. there is believed to be a high multitude of prokaryotes and protists that aren't discovered yet

7-10 million 7,000-10,000 are identified/yr

Tropical Rainforests

to determine the nucleotide sequence in human DNA

Monera

They are sedentary

before the appearance of plants, animals, and fungi

They both belong in the Domain Eukarya.

Asexually reproducing organisms do not interbreed.

in non-human primates

It may be possible to use an animal model, such as the chimpanzee, to study treatment and spread of the disease.

Prokaryotes, single celled microbes that lacked organelles

Bacteria and Archaea (P)

They are both prokaryotic, single celled organisms.

They have different cell walls, plasma membrane composition, ribosomes, and RNA polymerases. There is also differences in transcription and translation processes.

Peptidoglyan

Shape, Means of Locomotion, Pigments, Nutrient requirements, colony appearance, gram staining characteristics, and nucleotide sequences.

They differ. Some are extremely small. They have three different shapes: spherical, rod like, and corkscrew.

Flagella: singly in pairs or scattered over the cell surface.

Wheel and Axle: within cell wall and plasma membrane, rapid rotation.

Thinner and constructed from proteins

Film, of carb/ protein slime

Slime secreting bacteria, ex dental plague.

Protected from disenfectants and antibiotics. ex- plague physically removed.

Protective endospores allow some bacteria to withstand adverse conditions. they are thickly wrapped particles of genetic material and few enzymes.

Boiling for an hour, being sealed within a rock for 250 million years. Practically, harsh conditions

High pressure, cold, high salt, acidic, alkaline, moderate, and hot

Anaerobic/aerobic

Both: E Coli Anaerobic: Tetanus

organic compounds like carbs, fats, and proteins poisonous compounds to humans like methane, petroleum, benzene inorganic molecules, like hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia, and iron sunlight- cyanobacteria

binary fission, occuring as fast as 20 minutes, and causes rapid spreading mutations and rapid evolution

It is the exchange of genetic materials without reproduction, utilizing sex pili. It can ever occur with different species

Circular DNA molecules called plasmids carry genes to the donor, through the sex pili (connect a cytoplasmic bridge)

They contains alleles conferring mutations or evolutionary resistance

Yes

They play important roles in animal nutrition, human nutrition, recyclers, and clean up pollution.

Herbivores depend on them to break down cellulose in the cell walls of plants, many foods are produced by bacterial action, and they produce vitamins (vitamin K and b12)

CATABOLISM. They obtain energy from breaking waste products and the dead bodies of plants and animals into simpler molecules, which provides the basis for continued life on Earth.

Nearly all human made susbstances are biodegradable by some sort of bacterial species, specifically oil in the case of the Exxon Valdez clean up.

Disease producing (pathogenic), anaerobic bacteria (poisons), common bacterial species can be harmful

No, they have yet to be discovered.

Clostridium tentani: tetanis

It enters through the body through a puncture wound and if its lodged deeply enough, it produces a paralyzing poison (lockjaw)

Bubonic plague, Staph, Meningitis, food poisoning, STDs, tuberculosis, and others

It is spread by rat fleas, and killed 100 million people in the 1300s, a third of the population

caused by Pathogenic bacteria.

STDs caused by pathogenic bacteria

Caused by pathogenic bacteria. It is water transmitted.

Strep and E Coli

Caused by bacteria, and includes tooth decay, pneumonia, and flesh eating infection

Caused by bacteria. It commonly inhabits the digestive system. Some are pathogenic. It is transmitted through infected cattle/ undercooked.

It consists of a molecule of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein cote. They have no cells. They need a host to reproduce. Small. Variety of shapes.

NO

Rabies virus, bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus, and influenza

It enables entry into a host cell

Destroys it immediately. When you get sick, its the virus your immune system wasn't able to destroy.

True. For example, bacteria are infected by bacteriophage viruses. A good virus attacks a bacteria. HIV binds with cell receptors.

They are a type of virus, specified to attack bacteria. It can be used to treat bacterial diseases. (Hand santitizer). However, it makes it less effective.

Cold (Respiratory), rabies (Nerve), herpes ( Genitals, mouth)

It is virus, which attacks a specific white blood cell type. It causes AIDS

10% of women. HPV remains in the cells of the cervix and increases the chance of cancer.

90-98% causes cervical cancers. Factors also increase the risk of cervical cancer: age, smoking, and lowered immunity. Vaccine: gardasil, not a cure.

Cause liver infections, viral infections. It is spread through unprotected sexual contact or exchange of blood.

They lack the mechanisms to correct errors. They cause resistance to an antiviral drug, and these render drugs ineffective.

They are some infectious agents that are even simpler than viruses. They are simple infectious particles with short RNA strands. They enter a host cell nucleus and direct new viroid synthesis.

It is a misfolded, infected protein.

Prion. Degenerative disease in New Guinea. Transmitted by ritual cannibalism of the dead, affected the nervous system

Kuru, CJD, Scrapie, Mad Cow/ BSE, etc.

1982, demonstrated that diseases were caused by an infectious protein particle devoid of any nucleic acids. They are heritable and transmitted.

Point mutations, may be linked to Alzheimers and Parkinsons

Clorox Bleach. Normal proteins would unfold and denature. Nothing else works, they are trying to find stem cell research for replacing the dead neurons.

Binary Fission, 20 mins/ 6x

any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are microscopic in size Some are large aggregations or colonies of single-celled individuals; others are multicellular organisms

Ingestion, Absorption, and Photosynthesis

Predators, using the extensions of the cell membrane called psuedopods to surround and engulf prey.

They absorb directly from the environment. They have two types, either free living types in the soil that decompose organic matter or parasites that live inside the bodies of a host organism.

Oceans, lakes, ponds. ALGAE

ALL photosynthethic protists

Non photosynthethic protists

Asexually: Mitotic cell division Sexually: genetically diverse

The ecological role of algae is positive; they capture solar energy and make it available to other organisms in the ecosystem, and also release oxygen gas into the water, allowing fish to breathe

They cause deadly diseases, destroy crops, and release toxins that can accumulate to harmful levels in coastal areas

Excavates, Euglenozoans, Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians, Amoebozoans. Red and Green Algae..

They are protozoan group. They have a feeding groove and lack mitochondria.

Excavate: gastrointestinal diseases

Distinctive mitchondria. Live mostly in freshwater and swim with a flagella.

Euglenozoan. Contains a photoreceptor that detects the direction of light and allows the organism to move towards light to perform photosynthesis.

Includes photo and non photosynthetic organisms. All have thin, hair like flagella. Can be unicellular or multicellular. Includes mold, diatoms, and brown algae

Parasites, predators, and phytoplankton. Single celled. Can caused red tide/malaria.

foraminiferans and radiolarians. Pseudopods are think and threadlike +shells. Foraminiferans: chalky shells. Radiolarians: shells, silica.

Inhabit aquatic and terrestrial environments, feed and move by pseudopods. Predatory/ Parasitic. Some causes dysentery.

Clear tropical oceans. Multicellular, photosynthetic seaweeds. Pigments range from red to black, where they absorb the deeply penetrating blue green light and transfer this light energy to chlorophyll.

Ponds and lakes, photosynthetic, multicellular and unicellular.

A diploid generation alternates with a haploid generations

A diploid sporophyte plant produces haploid spores through meiosis

After the sporophyte plant produces haploid spores by meiosis, mitosis occurs. The spores divide into haploid gametophyte plants.

Haploid gametophyes produces haploid male and female gametes through mitosis. the gametes fuse and form diploid zygotes

Plants capture energy that other organisms use, through photosynthesis, plans build soil, prevent erosion and flooding, plants help keep ecosystems moist and help maintain the atmosphere by the release of oxygen.

green algae, called stonewarts. They have similar DNA and use the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis. BOth use starch and have cellulose in cell walls.

It gave them direct access to sunlight, access to nutrient rich soil