APUSH Wurster ch 8

reported in "Democracy in America" (1835) that the Second Great Awakening gave "the Christian religion..

.a greater influence over the souls of men" than in any other country.

A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money.

artist-painting that links the new nation to the Greek and Roman republics through architecture (the building and the statue), notes its social diversity (by including blacks as well as whites), and hints at the tenor of its social life.

chartered by Federalists in Congress in 1791, to issue notes and make commercial loans. -profits averaged 8 percent annually-by 1805 in 8 seaport cities-Jeffersonians attacked it as unconstitutional & claimed that it promoted "a consolidated, energetic government supported by public creditors, speculators, & other insidious men lacking in public spirit of any kind.

"-20 year charter that expired in 1811& Jeffersonians refused to renew

an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices after the Napoleonic Wars.-brought on by dubious banking policies-As income plummeted, planters and farmers could not pay their debts to their suppliers and banks-Many state banks went bust-revealed that artisans and yeomen were now part of the market economy

the periodic expansion and contraction of output and jobs inherent to an unregulated market economy.

deprived farmers of their traditional right under common law to stop the flooding and forced them to accept "fair compensation" for their lost acreage.-Massachusetts-Judges approved this state-ordered shift in property rights. -Justice Lemuel Shaw intoned, was "one of the great industrial pursuits of the commonwealth.

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-1782-French-born essayist J. Hector St. Jean de Crèvecoeur wrote that European society was composed "of great lords who possess everything, and of a herd of people who have nothing." -By contrast, the United States had "no aristocratical families, no courts, no kings, no bishops."

Young men and women chose their own partners, influenced by a new cultural attitude

A marriage based on equality and mutual respect -both republican values-husbands in these marriages retained significant legal power, but increasingly came to see their wives as loving partners rather than as inferiors or dependents-"true equality, both of rank and fortune,"-discouraged parents from protecting young wives-governments refused to prevent domestic tyranny

-The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens-"Preserving virtue and instructing the young are not the fancied, but the real 'Rights of Women,'"

-Thoughts on Female Education (1787)-philadelphia physician - argued that a young woman should ensure her husband's "perseverance in the paths of rectitude" and receive intellectual training so that she would be "an agreeable companion.

"-called for loyal "republican mothers" who would instruct "their sons in the principles of liberty and government."

-influential textbook author-called for "an equal distribution of knowledge to make us emphatically a 'republic of letters.'"-proposed ambitious schemes for a comprehensive system of primary and secondary schooling, followed by college training for bright young men-envisioned a university in which distinguished scholars would lecture on law, medicine, theology, and political economy

-few girls attended free public primary schools for more than a few years-after 1800 some girls stayed in school into their teenage years and studied a wide variety of subjects, including geography-Many graduates of these female academies became teachers, a new field of employment for women. -education conscious New England

-author of "The Life of George Washington"- used examples of events from Washington's life to praise honesty and hard work and to condemn gambling, drinking, and laziness-believed that patriotic instruction would foster shared cultural ideals, reformers required the study of American history

-writer-believed that education should raise the nation's intellectual reputation-"America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics,"-called on fellow citizens to free themselves "from the dependence on foreign opinions and manners, which is fatal to the efforts of genius in this country." -"Dissertation on the English Language" (1789) helpfully defined words according to American usage, proposed that words be spelled as they were pronounced-famous "blue-back speller," a compact textbook first published in 1783, sold 60 million copies over the next half-century and served the needs of Americans of all backgrounds

-the most successful writer in the new republic -elitist-minded Federalist whose whimsical essay and story collections ("Salmagundi","The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon","Rip Van Winkle" & "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow") sold well in America and won praise abroad-Frustrated by the immaturity of American cultural life, he lived for 17 years in Europe

-to release from the hand-the legal act of relinquishing property rights in slaves, thereby allowing them their freedom-1782, the Virginia assembly passed an act allowing this and within a decade, planters had freed 10,000 slaves.

-assembly repealed law in 1792 in fear of large free black population threatening institution of slavery

-enslaved artisan-hanged with 30 followers by Virginia authorities due to a planned uprising-ended all debate in South over emancipation (1800)

-founded by a group of influential white Americans in 1817-few planters responded to the pleas, from among the 1.5 million African Americans in the U.S. in 1820, it resettled only about 6,000 in Liberia(society's colony W. Africa)

-free black bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church-"This land which we have watered with our tears and our blood is now our mother country.

" -Born into slavery in Philadelphia in 1760 and sold to a farmer in Delaware; grown into bondage

-a series of political agreements put together by Henry Clay-resolved the issue of slavery in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase-prohibited slavery north of the line with the exception of Missouri-to maintain an equal number of senators from free and slave states in the U.S. Congress, it provided for the nearly simultaneous admission to the Union of Missouri and Maine

-written by Thomas Jefferson-made all churches equal in the eyes of the law and granted direct financial support to none-prohibited religious requirements for holding public office

-a decades long series of religious revivals-made the United States a genuinely Christian society-The most successful churches were those that preached spiritual equality and governed themselves democratically-transformed denominational makeup of American religion-important churches grew slowly through natural increase

-organized the Shakers in Britain -migrated to America in 1774 where she attracted numerous recruits

-the first American advocate of higher education for women-opened the Middlebury Female Seminary in Vermont (1814) -later founded girls' academies in Waterford and Troy, NY.