AP World History Unit 1 combined set

Replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops

Any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface

Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently

The spread of cultural elements from one society to another

the only surviving hominid

second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC

the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC

a village in Jordan near the north end of the Dead Sea

One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions

the science or art of metals. It includes the study of their properties and structure, the separation and refining of metals from their ores, the production of alloys, and the shaping and treatment of metals by heat and rolling.

A forty percent complete skeleton discovery of an Australopithecus afarensis, or a species within the category of hominid. She was rediscovered on November 24, 1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia.

a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem,and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture

Found along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this was the first early river civilization. The cities in this area were governed by city-states and used irrigation to produced their corps.

a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia

an ancient country is southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean

(Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written

The book that contains the writings or scriptures that Christians recognize as the written word of God.

Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast

an ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition.

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

king of upper egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

the world's longest river (4180 miles)

an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile

a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader

pictures, characters, or symbols standing for words, ideas, or sounds; ancient Egyptians used instead of an alphabet like ours

a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent

chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior God of thunder and strength

Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society.

one of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago

Civilization that developed along the Indus River (Present Day Pakistan), Controlled larges areas of land on both sides of the Indus River, Largest two settlements were _______ and Mohenjo Daro, Known for City planning, sewer systems, indoor plumbing, and fortresses around their cities

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. Not Harappa

(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)

sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests

Located in India, this river is considered sacred to Hindus and is used for spiritual cleansing, funeral rites, and other Hindu rituals.

a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth

Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans established

sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function

a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced.

A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

In Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste

This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery.

a major river of Asia in northern China

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

People believed that heaven gave them the authority to rule. They also believed that heaven would take it away

the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism

Civil War broke out in during the Zhou Dynasty, beginning an age known in Chinese historical records as the "____________ of the ____________________ _____________________."

cattle bones or tortoise shells on which Chinese priests would write questions and then interpret answers from the cracks that formed when the bones were heated

-semiarid grasslands -stretch from Russia to the Great Wall of CHina

The Oldest of the Five Classics, preserves 305 of the earliest Chinese poems. Poems deal with political themes, ritual, and romance.

long ago, after the Flood, little trails of land connecting the continents together

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.

a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy

the most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings.

Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl).

the most famous of the Maya books that recounts the Highland Maya's version of the story of creation.

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

a stepped pyramid rising sharply to a height of 47 meters (154 feet); dominated the skyline and represented Tikal's control over the surrounding region

a new religion that appeared in the Andes mountains after 1000 BCE; enjoyed enormous popularity during the 900 to 800 BCE; spread in the area of modern Peru; vanished about 300 BCE; no information survives on the significance of the cults

Mochica is a society in the Andean valleys, near the Moche River, that left behind a remarkable artistic legacy. They made ceramics that represented gods and everyday life.

earliest inhabitants of New Guinea and Oceania; had remarkable seafaring skills and maritime technology; used canoes; later migrated to the Pacific Islands

Society from New Guinea to Tonga (1500-500 B.C.E.) with agricultural villages, networks of trade and communication, and hierarchical chiefdoms.

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

indicators include: settled agricultural life, and certain political, social economic and technological traits

societies exhibiting traits of civilization appeared _____

the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization

started around 2 million years ago, divided into two major subdivisions, Paleolithic and Neolithic

Old Stone Age

New Stone AGe

hunting and food gathering peoples

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. aka Neolithic Revolution

approximately the last 10,000 years

the rituals of farmers often centered her, a deity that was considered to be the source of life

usually a male deity, representing fire, wind and rain

believed to relate to religious beliefs, translates to "big stones"

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

"land between the rivers". in this case, Tigris and Euphrates

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

written record begins with ____, The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

a family of languages spoken in parts of western Asia and northern Africa. Includes Hebrew, Aramaic and PhoenicProxy-Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=0 n of the ancient world and Arabic today

Mesopotamian narrative poem that was first told in Sumer

"big man", what we would call a king, emerged in Sumer in the 3rd millenium BCE

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

1. free landowning class 2. class of dependent farmers and artisans 3. slaves, primarily employed in domestic service

an administrator or scholar charged by the temple or palace with reading and writing tasks. In Mesopotamia, a dominantly male position, and their writings reflected elite male activities.

embodied the forces of nature. examples : Anu (sky), Enlil (air), Enki (water), Utu (sun), Nanna (moon)

people imagined their gods as ____, like humans in form and contact

a temple tower of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories

small charms meant to protect the bearer from evil, suggests widespread belief in magic

a system of writing used in ancient Mesootamia, in which wedge-shaped characters were produced b pressing a stylus into a soft clay tablet, which was then baked or otherwise hardened

the southern part of Egypt

the northern part of Egypt

ruler of Ancient Egypt

the divinely authorized order of this universe, pharaoh maintained as their job

a series of stone platforms laid on top of each other, used as royal tombs for kings

an ancient city of Egypt on the Nile (south of Cairo)

an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC

Egypt's form of writing, using picture symbols standing for words, syllables or sounds. We can read this because of the discovery of the Rosetta Stone

reed plant of the Nile Valley, used to make a form of paper

The dead body of a human or animal that has been embalmed and prepared for burial, as according to the practices of the ancient Egyptians.

the river valley that the Egyptian civilization depended on for survival

two urban sites of the Indus River Valley civilization

isolated from the rest of the Eastern Hemisphere by the Himalayas, Pamir and Tian mountains, Takla Makan Desert, Mongolian steppe and the Gobi Desert

great river systems of China

yellow-brown soil

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

arrangement of objects to achieve harmony in your environment

techniques used to determine the will of gods

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61)

the theory that those in power have the right to be in power because they have been chosen by a deity

after the fall of the western zhou dynasty china entered what later beocame known as the _______

covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC.

a political theory that strict codes of law must be made for humans to behave in an orderly fashion. Every aspect of society must be controlled

Kongzi; a philosopher that believed that one leader was all society needed. Everyone should have good morals, and that is how the government should be based

Confucius' follower that spread Confucianism after Confucius' death

created by Laozi, wants humanity to follow their "path", and avoid violence whenever possible. Leaders aren't necessary in this society because for every action, there is a negative reaction

an ancient region in the Nile River Vally, on the cite of present- day southern Egypt and northern Sudan

an ancient nubian kingdom whose rulers contolled egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C.

city in the Kushite empire that become known for its ironworking. They made weapons and tools.

the Nubian queen, but it is debatable whether there was one particular queen named Candace or that was the title given, as there are written records of a Candace at different points in Nubian history

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

A culture that thrived in the Andean region from 900 B.C. to 200 B.C.

used to move goods, increased trade

the period of time when tools were starting to be made with iron instead of bronze

Indo-European people who settles in Anatolia

911-612 BCE; the first to rule over lots of lands and a diverse population. located in western Asia and the eastern Mediterranean

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)

A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)

has been called various names: Canaan, Palestine, Hebrews, Israelites, Jews. located on the western edge of the Assyrian empire.

the Old Testament to Christians, a compilation of several collections of materials

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

built by King Solomon to strengthen the link between religius and secular authority. a central shrine and set of rituals that could compete with religions in the are

the absolute belief in one god, in the case of Judaism, Yahweh

"dispersion, scattering". dispersion outside the homeland

built because of the Diapora to maintain their religion and culture outside the homeland

Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast. "red men"

Phoenician city in modern-day Tunisia which grew to become a major power in the western Mediterranean.

walled enclosures where thousands of small, sealed urns containing the burned bones of children laid

626-539 BCE. most of the territory of the Assyrian Empire became ____ thanks to the kings of Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar