China's scholar-gentry class
*Definition:* Describes members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and privilege that they derived as government officials.
*Significance:* Social class that divided the people. It caused conflicts between different groups of people. It was a way to organize.
Wang Mang
*Definition:* Han court official who was usurped the throne and ruled from 8CE to 23CE.
*Significance:* Had a reform movement that included the breakup of the estates of large landowners. Power of officials vs Power of landlords.
Ge Hong
*Definition:* Chinese scholar
*Significance:* Led a rebellion against military leaders and abandoned society (Daoism) and searched for immortality.
Yellow Turban Rebellion
*Definition:* Massive Chinese peasant uprising with goal of a new golden age of equality and harmony.
*Significance:* Peasants vs Elites/landowners. Fight for what they wanted caused major conflict.
Caste as Varna and Jati
*Definition:* System of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia. Based on division of 4 classes (varna) with addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupations (jatis).
*Significance:* The main cell of social life in India. Organized life and status.
"Ritual Purity" in Indian Social practices
*Definition:* Idea that members of high castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with object/members of lower castes to preserve own caste.
*Significance:* Division of people. The lowest caste vs highest caste had potential conflict and segregation.
Greek and Roman Slavery
*Definition:* Slaves were captives from war, piracy, and children victims of long-distance trade.
*Significance:* Household service was the most common slaves with the Greeks. The Romans had slaves work in brutal conditions of mines. Different situations since the beginning.
Spartacus
*Definition:* Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman History form 73 BCE to 71 BCE.
*Significance:* Made slave owners worried and aware of threat that slaves could fight back. Caused other rebellions and uprisings (inspirational).
The "Three Obediences"
*Definition:* Chinese Confucian notion of women subordinate to male control: Father, Husband, Son.
*Significance:* The base of gender distinction through Confucianism (even today).
Patriarchy
*Definition:* Men above women in all society, politics, and home.
*Significance:* Started to weaken in second-wave era but still present.
Empress Wu
*Definition:* Only Female "Emperor" in Chinese history.
*Significance:* Patronised scholarship, elevated position of women, provoked backlash of confucian misogynist invective.
Aspasia and Pericles
*Definition:* Foreign women in Athens/ Prominent and influential statesman of Athens in the Golden Age.
*Significance:* After Pericles' death, Aspasia still held high(er) status. Famed for learning (education) and wit (conversationalist).
Helots
*Definition:* Dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta.
*Significance:* Social discontent prompted the militarisation of Spartan society. Cause of way of life in Sparta.
