AP World History – Period 3

Major factors such as improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade.

1) Silk Roads 2) Mediterranean Sea 3) Trans-Saharan 4) Indian Ocean basin

Powerful trade cities developed along the four main trade routes of this era. Some examples include: • Novgorod • Timbuktu • Swahili city-states • Hangzhou • Calicut • Baghdad • Melaka • Venice • Tenochtitlan

New trade routes that centered on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.

• Silk and cotton textiles • Porcelain • Spices • Precious metals and gems • Slaves • Exotic animals

The trade of luxury goods was assisted by the invention of new transportation technologies, such as: more sophisticated caravan organization, the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ships, as well as new economic technologies, such as bills of exchange, credit, checks, and banking houses.

The state helped the growth of trade by developing new economic techniques such as the minting of coins and the use of paper money. Trading organizations were also created by the state, an example being the Hanseatic League. Finally, state-sponsored commercial infrastructures, like the Grand Canal in China, we're created.

The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe.

The expansion of existing empires impacted trans-Eurasian trade because the conquered peoples of smaller nations were drawn into the trade networks of their conquerors.

In order for new longer-distance trade routes to be developed, humans were forced to gain a greater knowledge of the environment and create new technologies. An example of this is how the Scandinavian Vikings used their longboats to travel in coastal and open water, as well as rivers.

• Migration of Bantu-Speaking peoples → Iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa • Maritime migrations of Polynesian peoples → Transplanted foods and domesticated animals on new islands

These migratinos and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of existing languages as well as a few new languages. Examples include the spread of Bantu languages, like Swahili, and the spread of Turkic and Arabic languages.

the Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians who lived among them.

At first, Islam expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia by the usual method of military expansion. Subsequently, Islam continued to expand through the activities of merchants and missionaries.

Diasporic communities formed when merchants introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture where they were selling their goods.

1) Muslim communities in the Indian Ocean region 2) Chinese communities in Southeast Asia 3) Sogdian communities in Central Asia 4) Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean Basin, and Silk Roads

These writings illustrate both the extent and limitation of intercultural knowledge and understanding.

• Marco Polo • Ibn Battuta • Xuanzang

• Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia • Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia • Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia • Toltec/Mexican and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and the Andes

• Influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars • Return of Greek science and philosophy to western Europe via Muslims in Iberia • Spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia to the Islamic empires and then into Western Europe

• Bananas in Africa • New rice varieties in East Asia • Spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar-al Islam

Trade played a big role in the spread of epidemic decease, this is known because the decease always followed along the same routes that trade did.

State formation in this time period demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and diversity.

Islam introduced the concept of the caliphate to Afr-Eurasion statecraft. The caliphate being the Islamic form of government representing the political unity and leadership of the Muslim world. The political authority of a Caliph as head of state of a Caliphate comes from the fact that he is seen as a successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

• Byzantine Empire • Chinese Dynasties (Sui, Tang, and Song) These governments basically combined old, reliable practices with innovations better suited to the current circumstance of the world. For example, the old practices of patriarchy and land-owning elites were brought together with new methods of taxation and tributary systems.

1) the Abbasids 2) Muslim Iberia 3) Delhi sultanates

New forms of government emerged in various Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates and in various city-states.

Some examples of states synthesizing their own local traditions with some borrowed ones are: • Persian traditions influencing Islamic state • Chinese traditions influencing Japan

Contacts that occurred between Tang China and the Abbasids, across the Mongol empires, and during the Crusades encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.

Technological innovations such as champu rice varieties, the chinampa field systems, waru waru raised field cultivation in the Andean area, and the horse collar.

The primary types of exchange was the transportation of crops from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.

Production of textiles, porcelains, iron and steel expanded.

Some of the defining characteristics of these cities was a mix of periods of decline with periods of increased urbanization, as well as a focus on the expansion of trade networks.

1) Invasions 2) Disease 3) Decline of agricultural productivity 4) The Little Ice Age

1) The end of invasions 2) The availability of safe and reliable transport 3) The rise of commerce 4) The warmer temperatures between 800 C.E. and 1300 C.E. 5) Increased agricultural productivity → rise in population

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• Free peasant agriculture • Nomadic pastoralism • Craft production and guild organization • Various forms of coerced and unfree labor • Government -imposed labor taxes • Military obligations

Social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies, just as in previous periods.

The most notable example of this occurring is within the mongols. However, women also gained power among the peoples of West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

• Serfdom in Europe and Japan • Mit'a in the Inca Empire

Taxes. The peasant communities formed revolts in order to protest against the raising of taxes.

There was an increase of need for agricultural workers as well as soldiers during this era.