ap world history on islam

the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Muslim name for the one and only God

those who practice the religion of Islam; believe in one God, and the prophet Muhammad whom they believe God spoke through

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam

Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Forced Muhammed to flee

Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan

The Muslim obligation to give alms for the care of the poor and needy

the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.

wars that followed muhammad's death; resulted in the defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of islam

85% of Muslims, and it is NOT necessary to be related to Muhammad to be a successor. majority in bangladesh, india, indonesia, and pakistan

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Non-Arab converts to Islam

tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

a term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians.

(Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran

The dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts.

capital and largest city of Iraq

chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire

Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession

caliph (r. 786-809) who is responsible for a Golden Age in the Muslim World and the House of Wisdom in Baghdad

A group of tales narrated by a fictional princess, many are set in baghdad, include romances, fables, adventures, best known for Aladdin and the magic lamp

Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads.

military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.

Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123)

Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world

ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad

Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance

Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

military commander of persian extraction; began attempt to establish muslim control of india

Title of the Islamic imperial houses of India, which literally means princes of the heartland.

a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced.

Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva

Trading empire based on the Malacca Strait; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam.

a nation of people that does not have a territory to legally occupy, like the Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques

the movement of the bantu peoples southward throghout africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

the Arabic term for Eastern North Africa

followers of the Great Puritanical Reformist Movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; reject Sufis; very violent (launch a series of jihads, or holy wars)

a Berber dynasty founded in the 12th century that conquered most of northern Africa

a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

trading center, and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea

Ethiopian king who had Christian churches carved downward into mountains

States trading to north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways.

the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

Storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and historians

from Morocco, visited muslim countries

this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa

a city in central Mali near the Niger river

successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century

the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

Arabic term for the people and coast of east Africa.

a country on western coast of Africa

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)