Islam's origins
East coast of the Mediterranean
When did the angel, Gabriel appear to Muhammad
7th Century CE
Quraysh Tribe
- Powerful merchant tribe that controlled Mecca and its Kaaba - Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe
What do Muslims believe about Muhammad
- God sent him as the final prophet to bring people back to the one true religion
Quran
The holy book of Islam
The Quran acknowledges
Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
What did Quran promote
- Strict Monotheism - Importance of taking care of those less fortunate than you
5 Pillars of Islam
1- Shahada 2- Salat 3- Sawm 4- Zakat 5- Hajj
Shahada
- The Muslim's acceptance of the divine god "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah"
Salat
The ritual prayer of Muslims, performed five times daily in a set form. *Names, below, are probably not on the test* - Fajr (Dawn to Sunrise) - Zuhr (After true noon until Asr) - Asr (Afternoon) - Maghrib (After sunset until dusk) - Isha (Dusk until dawn)
Sawm
Fasting from dawn until dusk during the month of Ramadan
Zakat
Obligatory payment made annually under Islamic law on certain kinds of property and used for charitable and religious purposes.
Hajj
The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime.
Hadith
Collections of sayings and stories about the Prophet
Sharia
The code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Muhammad; "sharia is only applicable to Muslims"; "under Islamic law there is no separation of church and state"
Umma
Muslim community of believers
What was the conflict between the Quraysh tribe and Muhammad
- Muhammad's message of one god - The Quraysh tribe managed the pilgimage trade in Mecca, and if all those gods were false, it would be a disaster economically
What did the Quraysh do to Muhammad
- They forced Muhammad and his followers out of Mecca in 622 CE
Where did Muhammad and his followers head towards
Yithrab of Medina
Hijra
- Marks the year zero in Islamic calendar - Muhammad's journey to Medina
When did the Islamic community take back Mecca
630 CE
What was the main problem after Muhammad's death
He did not announce his successor
Who led the Islamic community after Muhammad's death
The Caliphate
Who was the First Caliph
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr
- Muhammad's father-in-law - Stabilized the community after Muhammad's death - Began the process of recording the Quran in writing - Started Military campaigns against the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires
Who was the Second Caliph
Umar ibn Al-Khattāb
Umar ibn Al-Khattāb
- Succeeded Abu Bakr (632-634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. - Was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history - He was a senior Sahabi of the Islamic prophet Muhammad - Assassinated
Who was the Third Caliph
Uthman ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Affan
- Succeeded Umar ibn al-Khattab as caliph at age 65 - Standardized the Quran - Continued the tradition of conquest - Assassinated
Who was the Fourth Caliph
Ali
Ali
- Caliph between 656 and 661 CE which was one of the hardest periods in Muslim history that coincided with the first Muslim civil war. - He reigned over Rashidun empire which was extended from Central Asia in the east to North Africa in the west. - Many Muslims consider his government as the Islamic style of justice and tolerance on one side and tough following of Islamic law on the other.
Ummayads
- Uthman's tribe - Dynasty that would rule over an ever-expanding Islamic Empire for more than a hundred years
Conflict between Sunni and Shi'a
- Sunnis believe Abu Bakr was rightly elected the first caliph - Shi'a Muslims believe it should've been Ali
What are the First Caliphs to Sunnis
"The Rightly Guided Caliphs"
Sassanians
- The last non-Muslim successors to the Persian Empire - Fighting the Byzantines for about 300 years, they were weak - Were recently struck with a plague
Islamic rules for conquered people
- You paid lower taxes if you converted to Islam - Taxes on worshiping your idols