AP World History Ch. 23-25

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast southwest of Bangalore. It was the site of Vasco da Gama's first landfall in India (1498) and was later occupied by Portuguese, British, French, and Danish trading colonies

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

the making of maps and charts

A triangle sail used to sail through the crosswinds, which was difficult with square sails.

an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator

"Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.

a seaport in northwestern Italy

Spanish monarch Agreed sponsors of Columbus's expedition Started Spanish Inquisition Marriage united two houses of Spain, Catholic Monarchs Responsible for the completion of the Reconquista of Spain.

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

sailing completely around something, such as the world

One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming Dynasty

An early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

Established in 1602, private merchants advanced funds to launch the company, to send ships and crews and provide them with materials and money to be able to trade.

A monopoly given to a company by the government (i.e. the East India Company)

a firm that buys goods in one country and sells them to buyers in another country

Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.

of or relating to or characteristic of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Some of the diseases brought over by the Europeans in the Columbian Exchange

Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

porteguese vs the omani over the muslim controlled indian ocean trade

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount.

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Representative institutions, shared power and authority, wealthy merchants prominent, maritime trade favored, England, Netherlands.

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

the Inquisition that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

an economic system used from the 1500's through the 1800's, also known as the triangle trade, designed to benefit the mother country, where the colonies are forced to produce raw materials, the mother country then takes the raw materials, processes them and sells them for profit.

The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.

The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.

system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England

Lords in Eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges. Lords demanded that kings and princes issue laws restricting or eliminating peasants' right of moving freely

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

An association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

a family consisting of parents and their children and grandparents of a marital partner

An era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method

English mathematician and physicist

He believed in a heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe. He argued that the Sun was at the center of the universe. The planets revolved around the sun.

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.

the first full-sized book printed with movable type and a printing press

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)

Last Aztec Emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.

Maya texts, long strips of paper, many meters in length when unfolded, made of the pounded inner bark of certain trees; these texts helped analysts interpret Maya hieroglyphics on stelae.

The people Columbus came in contact with in the West Indies., native americans who lived in the west indies. They grew corn, yams, and cotton. (which they wove into cloth). They were friendly and generous toward the Spanish. wiped out by disease and enslaved

the first island that was found by Christopher Columbus

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru

New Spain: Mexico City.(in Mexico) New Castile: Lima. (in Peru) Spanish conquered these areas in the Americas and made them new capitals.

Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.

the main house on a ranch or large estate

governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign

religious settlements run by Catholic Priests and friars.

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define SPANISH and PORTUGUESE possessions in the Americas.

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes)

a half-breed of white and Indian parentage

descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status

a person of mixed african and european ancestry

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.

the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center

a port and fashionable resort city on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)

where crops weren't able to grow well in the north, fur trade was a large part of there economy; not only would colonists hunt for furs, they would also trade with the Natives to get furs

a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

one person owns another

pacific islands

by 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European's played dominant roles except:

a penal institution where prisoners are exiled (often located on an island from which escape is difficult or impossible)

an archipelago in the southwestern Pacific including some 7000 islands

Pacific Islands

Made up of all resettled Indians, supposed to protect Indians from outside influences. Demarcated Indian property