AP ART HISTORY : Prehistoric, Oceania

-oldest evidence of human occupation/art in Africa - blades, pointed flakes, and scraper found -ritual significance,"human capacity" , modern symbolic thought and behavior -informational ,descriptive art, profile view vs frontal (conceals body), convince it's an animal -paleolithic

-composite view of bull: twisted, heads in profile BUT horns from the front!, Descriptive art not optical -natural rock contours => volume of animals -purpose: hunters = get more control of animals, more lifelike = more magical the animals

-Purpose: ceremonial, religious mask, house spirit of hunted animal -pelvis = fertility, holds up spine -subtractive tech., used bone features (holes= eyes) -canine dogs= contrast fertility, hunters ⇒ must be the predators in order to survive like dogs

horned deity, supernatural, hierarchy of scale purpose- document event, rain's importance, ritual atm= verdant savanna, featureless face, raffia (palm tree) skirt, twisted composite view of horns

-balance b/t geometric, circular -animals, stylized not naturalistic -vertalicity of elongated bird necks= shape of vessel, circularity of ibex's horns = opening -contrast bt spin direction of dog's tail and horns -stalk of wheat =fertility, water ??? -Neolithic -storage, found near gravesite, bury valuables (like Egypt) for Afterlife?

stele= headstone of tomb, grave marker honor heroes, warriors ⇒ recognize individual not group belted robe, sword

face patterns⇒ refer to spirits/ deities purpose: monetary value for trade, deco., or reserved for nobles cong = jade square, hollow tubes, found in graves symbol = power, relationship to nature, spiritual world?? hollowness= sky, heavens; base = earth??

- circular ditch and bank together = henge - originally filled with upright bluestones or upright wooden beams. - Within the henge were dug 56 pits = Aubrey holes -Aubrey holes later used for burial, emptied reused -sarsen stones came from near to Marlborough, biggest of Stonehenge's stones are up to 30 feet (9 meters) tall and weigh 25 tons (22.6 metric tons) on average, = sandstone -smaller stones = blue stones= from Wales, various volcanic rocks -solar calendar -Outermost: capped sarsen stones, next: ring of bluestone, which encircle "horseshoe" -Neolithic, ancient LEGOS -no evidence of diff. social status -elite buried ? adult males, aged 25-40 years, in good health and with little sign of hard labor or disease -sunrise of the midsummer solstice is exactly framed by the end of the horseshoe of trilithons at the interior of the monument -exactly opposite that point, at the center of the bend of the horseshoe, at the midwinter sunset, the sun is also aligned. -longest, shortest days of the yr. trilithons = 3stones

-grey sandstone, pestle - a tool used to grind spices or drugs in a mortar, dif. to shape, hammer -higher level of figurative qualities than other -supernatural powers?, subtractive art

duality, hips = fertility found in burials, others figures engaged in daily routines, activities

-Lapita= common ancestor of the contemporary cultures of Polynesia, Micronesia, and some areas of Melanesia -best for ceramics, many used for cooking, serving, or storing food; large vessels

-. Small canals cut into the islets so sacred eels could enter from the sea and sea turtles were sacrificed to honor them. -no artistic carvings -way the site and form of Nan Madol communicates the status and power of the ruler/patron. - specific ways that architecture communicates power and authority -HEAVY basalt columns and logs quarried and transported -Nan Madol eventually came to consist of ninety-two artificial islets that covered an area of 200 acres -only ancient city = built atop coral reef -ritual ceremonial center, population <1000 ppl; many Saudeleur chiefs, majority= commoners -log cabin, 92 islets -aka "Venice of the Pacific" -basalt = breaks naturally, forms blocks, ideal -rivals forced to live in city= easy to monitor -social hierarchy was reflected in the size of the residences built, beads/ornaments found= social status -inner courtyard, central tomb

Rapanui = Isla de Pascua -commemorate ancestors, backs to sea = overlook island eyes= red stone, coral from quarry, sculpture painted w red and white deforestation, 14= basalt (hard, dense), but rest = softer, volcanic tuff moai = statue, size & complexity increased over time Christianity ===> moai toppled commissioned by person of status ceremonial carvings on the back "walked" to "AHU" with "mana" (power), stone tool = "Tooki" top knots placed on SOME heads "Pu kau" = show what Rapanui chiefs worn Largest moai, 32ft = El Chikati" never finished, if eye sockets not opened = incomplete generic faces ⇒ gods, chiefs ⇒ relationship

-ceremony, battles'ahu'ula, or "red garments, red = chief, gods, warriors -each a UNIQUE pattern -yellow feathers= scarce -They consisted of olona (Touchardia latifolia) fibre netting made in straight rows, with pieces joined and cut to form the desired shape. -red feather = i'iwi bird -black, yellow = 'o'o -MANY= gifts to sea captains, crews, earliest Euro. visitors >passed on to patrons, who paid for voyage -feather work= process: netting bird feathers

-staff= ironwood, paper mulberry bark= wrap, upper: carved head, lower= phallus → (which some missionaries destroyed) -conversion to Christainity in 19th century ⇒ decrease, loss of staff gods -geometric patterns on wrap -Tangaroa = creator God represented? -explicit sexual, male/female prod/reprod. , women in childbirth -cloth= protects "mana" of deity, contains it thru layers, made by women, wood = made by men red feathers, pearls = spirit of the God

-decorated w loom-woven bands, mats, feathers, paint, headdresses -ROTTENED statues- REPLACED, deified ancestors' spirit, OR resting place for the Gods -depicts the Goddess Ko Kawe who is the patron goddess of the Sekawe clan.

-reenactment of lives of cultural heroes -displays composite human-like/animal -turtle masks- usu. funeral ceremonies, increased rites -ensured game, fish, senior men dances w grass customs, worn as helmet -harvest rituals

-ceremonial, motifs of plants -made by potential wives -tapa cloth conceals coffin from mourners, tapa also walked on (tapu- protection, mana - power) -tapioca or arrow root used as glue, 3inch diameter- then spread out,thins out -worth based on how many tapa cloths owned ea/ family -highly prized- older the mat -taboo= look into gravo of other person, bones of deceased dug up by relatives, then -recement the grave for future use & scented coconut oil , bones wrapped in new tapa then reburied -relief patterns, printed from below= coconut leaves patterns

- holding a tewhatewha , club weapon, strike blows -oil on canvas baptized: "Thomas Walker", naturalistic, bigger appearance thru black drapery, stoic expression, diamond eye on staff commemorate businessman who lived in a trading society & helped (English) missionaries ⇒ ⇒ a Maorian chief : kindness shown thru soft brush strokes

-wave patterns = diagonal, curved; horizontal, vertical = supports -cowrie, shells= islands -info. memorized, usu. show SMALL AREA, "REBBELIB"= LARGE section -made, used by ONE person, stylistic, geometric

-carvings created for use in ceremonies, typically burnt or placed in cave to rot after the ceremony -large, complex , planning required -faces of monsters or beasts -honor, dismiss gods (can happen long after person dies) -Once they are no longer needed they are often burned in fear of confusing other spirits trying to find their way. - celebrate the dead person's characteristics

- Queen Elizabeth II arriving in Tonga in 1954, noting use of tapa to signify honor and status. banquet with over 2,000 guests. symbolize: alliance, partnership w English commemorate the war memorial grand scale