Part I: Origins of PsychologyWithin the discipline of psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior.
Describe three major psychological perspectives and name at least one leading theorist for each.Three common psychological perspectives are behaviorist perspective, psychodynamic Perspective, and humanism. Behaviorist perspective is unlike other perspectives because it focuses on the vision of individuals and creatures as controlled by their setting and precisely that humans are the outcome of what we have seen or learned from our environment. Behaviorism is ideal with in what ways environmental influences stimuli affect apparent behavior which is the reaction.Behaviorist tactic suggests two key methods whereby individuals learn from their environment: namely classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning was studied by the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning involves learning by association, and operant conditioning includes learning from the consequences of actions.B.F. Skinner examined operant conditioning of intentional and unintentional actions. Sigmund Freud is the founder of psychodynamic perspective.
Sigmund Freud believes that happenings in our childhood can have a major influence on our actions as adults. Freud as well held ideas that people have little to minimum free self-control to make decisions in life. Instead our actions are determined by the unconscious mind and youthful experiences.Humanism is a common perspective.
Humanistic psychology is a mental viewpoint that gives emphasis to the vision of the entire individual (known as holism). Humanistic psychologists look at human actions not only through the vision of the onlooker, but through the eyes of the person doing the actions. Humanistic psychologist’s idea is that a person action is linked to their internal feelings and self-image. The humanistic perception centers on the view that each individual is distinctive and has the free will to transform at any period in his or her lives.The humanistic perspective proposes that we are each accountable for our own joy and well-being as people.
This concentrates on the person and his or her particular experiences and subjective view of the world .Two important and enduring theorist in humanistic psychology that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.Part II: Research MethodsProvide a brief overview of some of the research methods used by psychologists. Include strengths and weaknesses of each method discussed.
Psychologists use a variety of procedures for leading research. Every method has gains and weaknesses that make it proper for certain circumstances and incompatible for others. Case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and laboratory observation are models of descriptive or correlational investigation methods. Using these methods, researchers can define diverse events, experiences, or behaviors and look for connection between them. Some methods do not allow researchers to determine causes of actions.
Research method surveys can have advantages such as: yields a lot of info, delivers a decent technique to make hypotheses, can provide information about many individuals since it’s low-priced and easy to do.Disadvantages deliver information about actions that can’t be observed, relies on self-report data, which can be misrepresentative, doesn’t allow decisions about cause-and-effect relationships. Case study positives, provides a great method to make hypotheses, and provides data that other techniques can’t provide can be. Disadvantages can at times give partial information Sometimes relies only on self-report data, which can be misleading and may be subjective and produce biased results does not allow decisions about cause-and-effect relationships be. Laboratory observation advantages can be permits use of refined equipment for measuring and recording behavior and can be useful for generating hypotheses. Negatives can be produce biased results, and carries the possibility that observed actions is different from natural ones.
It does not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.Part III: Ethics in ResearchDescribe two ethical issues related to research. Why is informed consent necessary for ethical research? When a situation forces a person or organization make a decision that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical). Different age groups result in different maturity levels which would result in different points of view Informed consent can be said to have been specified based upon a strong increase and accepting evidences, effects, and forthcoming penalties of an action.
In order to give knowledgeable agreement, the individual concerned must have satisfactory reasoning capabilities and be in ownership of all applicable facts at the period consent is specified.Part IV: The Brain and MindIdentify three major structures of the brain and their respective functions in the human body.The brain has three main parts of the brain forebrain, the midbrain, and the hind brain. The forebrain is in control for an assortment of roles including delivery and handling sensory information, thinking, recognizing, creating and understanding language, and guiding motor function. There are two main unions of forebrain: the diencephalon and the telencephalon.
The diencephalon holds arrangements such as the thalamus and hypothalamus which are accountable for purposes as motor control, transmitting sensory information, and monitoring autonomic functions. The telencephalon contains the biggest part of the brain, the cerebrum; the actual information processing in the brain takes place in the cerebral cortex.The midbrain and the hindbrain composed make up the brainstem. The midbrain is the percentage of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. This part of the brain is complex in auditory and visual responses as well as motor function.
The hindbrain covers from the spinal cord and is made of the mesencephalon and mesencephalon. The metencephalon contains arrangements such as the pons and cerebellum. These areas support in maintaining balance and equilibrium, movement coordination, and the conduction of sensory information. The mesencephalon is made of the medulla oblongata which is responsible for regulating such autonomic functions as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.
