Similarly, in 1940 David Heckler described the influence of non-intellective factors on intelligent behavior, and further argued that our models of intelligence would not be complete until we could adequately describe these factors. [2] In 1983, Howard Gardener's Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences[4] introduced the Idea of multiple intelligences which Included both Interpersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people) and Interpersonal Intelligence (the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations).
In Gardener's view, traditional types of intelligence, such as IQ, fall to fully explain cognitive ability. [5] Thus, even though the names given to the concept varied, there was a common belief that traditional definitions of Intelligence were lacking In ability to fully explain performance outcomes. The first use of the term "emotional intelligence" is usually attributed to Wayne Pane's doctoral thesis, A Study of Emotion: Developing Emotional Intelligence from 1985. 6] However, prior to this, the term "emotional intelligence" had appeared in Leaner Stanley Greenshank (1989) also put forward an El model, followed by allover and Mayer (19901181 and Daniel Coleman (1995). The distinction between trait emotional intelligence and ability emotional intelligence was introduced in 2000. [9] Definitions[edit source] Substantial disagreement exists regarding the definition of El, with respect to both terminology and oversimplifications.
Currently, there are three mall models of El: 1 . Ability model 2. Mixed model (usually subsumed under trait 1] 3. Trait model Different models of El have led to the development of various instruments for the assessment of the construct. While some of these measures may overlap, most searchers agree that they tap different constructs.
Ability model[edit source] Salvoes and Mayor's conception of El strives to define El within the confines of the standard criteria for a new Intelligence. 12] Following their continuing research, their initial definition of El was revised to "The ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions and to regulate emotions to 1 OFF The ability-based model views emotions as useful sources of information that help one to make sense of and navigate the social The model proposes that individuals vary in their ability to process information of an emotional tauter and in their ability to relate emotional processing to a wider cognition. This ability is seen to manifest itself in certain adaptive behaviors.The model claims that El includes four types of abilities: 1. Perceiving emotions - the ability to detect and decipher emotions in faces, pictures, voices, and cultural artifacts-?including the ability to identify one's own emotions. Perceiving emotions represents a basic aspect of emotional intelligence, as it makes all other processing of emotional information possible.
2. Using emotions - the ability to harness emotions to facilitate various cognitive activities, such as thinking and problem solving. The emotionally intelligent person can capitalize fully upon his or her changing moods in order to best fit the task at hand. . Countermanding emotions - the ability to comprehend emotion language and to appreciate complicated relationships among emotions. For example, understanding emotions encompasses the ability to be sensitive to slight variations between emotions, and the ability to recognize and describe how emotions evolve over time.
4. Managing emotions - the ability to regulate emotions in both ourselves and in others. Therefore, the emotionally intelligent person can harness emotions, even negative ones, and manage them to achieve intended goals.The ability El model has been criticized in the research for lacking face and predictive validity in the workplace.
[1 5] Measurement[edit source] The current measure of Mayer and Salver's model of E', the Mayer-Salvoes-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (EMCEES) is based on a series of emotion-based problem- solving items. [14][16] Consistent with the model's claim of El as a type of intelligence, the test is modeled on ability-based IQ tests. By testing a person's abilities on each of the four branches of emotional intelligence, it generates scores for each of the branches as well as a total score.Central to the four-branch model is the idea that El requires attainment to social norms.
Therefore, the EMCEES is scored in a consensus fashion, with higher scores indicating higher overlap between an individual's answers and those provided by a worldwide sample of respondents. The EMCEES can also be expert-scored, so that the amount of overlap is calculated between an individual's answers and those provided by a group of 21 emotion researchers. [14] Although promoted as an ability test, the EMCEES is unlike standard IQ tests in that its items do not have objectively correct responses.Among other challenges, the consensus scoring criterion means that it is impossible to create items (questions) that only a minority of respondents can solve, because, by definition, responses are deemed emotionally "intelligent" only if the majority of the sample has endorsed them.
This and other similar problems have led some cognitive ability experts to question the definition of El as a genuine intelligence. [citation needed] In a study by the EMCEES test results of 111 business leaders were imparted with how their employees described their leader.It was found that there the employees, with regard to empathy, ability to motivate, and leader effectiveness. FГёallseed also criticized the Canadian company Multi-Health Systems, which administers the EMCEES test.
The test contains 141 questions but it was found after publishing the test that 19 of these did not give the expected answers. This has led Multi-Health Systems to remove answers to these 19 questions before scoring, but without stating this officially. Mixed model[edit source] The model introduced by Daniel Coleman[18] focuses on El as a wide array of impenitence and skills that drive leadership performance.Salesman's model outlines five main El constructs (for more details see "What Makes A Leader" by Daniel Coleman, best of Harvard Business Review 1998): 1 .
Self-awareness - the ability to know one's emotions, strengths, weaknesses, drives, values and goals and recognize their impact on others while using gut feelings to guide decisions. 2. Self- regulation - involves controlling or redirecting one's disruptive emotions and impulses and adapting to changing circumstances. 3.
Social skill - managing relationships to move people in the desired direction 4. Empathy - considering other people's feelings especially when making decisions and 5.
