Muslim
A follower of Islam
Mosque
Islamic place of worship
Five Pillars of Islam
True Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime
Islam
A monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in 7th century, means "submission to the will of Allah"
Caliph
A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
Silk Roads
A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods
Justinian Code
The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.
patriarch
A principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity
St. Cyril
A missionary in the 9th century who invented an alphabet for the Slavic language.
Eastern Orthodox
Religion practiced in the Byzantine Empire
Orthodox
In agreement with established or generally accepted beliefs or ways of doing things
Constantinople
Capital of the Ottoman Empire, now known as Istanbul
Byzantium
The civilization that developed from the eastern roman empire following the death of the emperor Justinian until the fall of Constantinople in 1453
Roman Catholic
Relating to the christian church that developed in the Byzantine empire and is under the authority of the pope
Schism (Christianity & Islam)
Division; split
Pope
The bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church
Genghis Khan
A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia. His name means "universal leader."
Shintoism
Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship
Shogun
The supreme military commander of Japan
Middle Ages
The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance
Midieval
Referring to the Middle Ages
Charlemagne
Frankish king who conquered much of Western Europe and was a great patron of leterature and learning. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800.
Fuedalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land.
Chivalry
A code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle.
Fiefs
Pieces of land given to vassals by their lord
Manor System
economic plan by which a knight allowed peasants to farm land on his estate in return for food or other payment
Vassals
lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord in return for military service and loyalty
Franks
group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis
Serfs
rural laborers, or peasants, who were the poorest members of society, that worked the lord's land in exchange for protection
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
Monastic
removed from worldly concerns; extremely plain or secluded
Monk
a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God
Papacy
The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.
Nun
a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church
Convent
a religious community in which women, or nuns live and pray
hanseatic league
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)
agrarian
relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land
crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
inquisition
church court set up to stamp out heresy
commercial revolution
the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries
william the conquerer
Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.
magna carta
A legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights and limited the power of the King
black death
Plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the 14th century it significantly reduced Europe's population and affected social structure.
bubonic plague
Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people
hundred years war
conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states
sacking of constantinople
During the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204), in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Eastern Orthodox city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church.
heresy
an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred
heretic
a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of a church or other group
parliament
a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation
monotheism
belief in a single God
mansa musa
this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa
timbuktu
a trading city in central Mali near the Niger river that became a center of wealth and learning.
aztec
a member of the Nahuatl people who established an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1519
maya
people of the Mesoamerican cuture that made great advances in math, astronomy, and the calendar. they lived in Guatemala, the Honduras and near Mexico's Yuclata'n peninsula
tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
renaissance
The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
city-states
Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers
gutenberg printing press
Invented in 1440's; prototype for mass production; transmitted knowledge globally; brought about nationalism; books decreased in cost.
utopia
an ideal society; perfect
indulgences
pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment
protestant reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
john calvin
religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society
elizabeth 1
A queen of England- "The Virgin Queen"- who brought England back out of Catholicism and incorporated some Calvinist ideas into Anglicism
counter reformation
the reform movement within the roman catholic church whose goals were to abolish abuses and reaffirm traditional beliefs
henery viii
Established church of england, influenced protestant reformation
theocracy
the belief in government by divine guidance
huguenots
French Protestants
jesuit order
Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534
niccolo machiavelli
(1469-1527) Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).
martin luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
european exploration
voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century
dutch east india company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
manchu
the race of people who conquered China and founded the Qing Dynasty
circumnavigate
to sail around the world
encomienda system
system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.
columbian exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
capitalism
an economic system based on private property and free enterprise
merchantilism
the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys
hacienda system
similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners; few people owned land.
absolute monarch
A king or queen with complete authority over the government and people in a kingdom
phillip ii
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
divine
devoted to or in the service or worship of a deity
divine right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
edict of nantes
document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots
louis xiv
(1618-1648) This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France
thirty years war
This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe
treaty of westphalia
Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
peter the great
czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
hapsburg spain
- Attitude: Nobility shouldn't work - Spanish Armada was lost - Revolts
english bill of rights
document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament
scientific revolution
an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method
scientific methods
a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
heliocentric theory
the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
age of reason
Enlightenment thinkers during this time period encouraged people to create a just or fair society based on reason.
american revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people to protect the rights of citizens in a democracy, it lead to the formation of the independent United States.
declaration of independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
elightenment
a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
constittution
is a country's formal document that spells out the principles by which its government operates
estates-general
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution
louis xvi
King of France during the french revolution who was executed for treason by the National Convention he was executed along with his wife Marie Antoinette in 1793. he sent money and military aid to help the patriots
napoleon bonaparte
rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 at Waterloo.
reign of terror
the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
congress of vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
declaration of the rights of man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
nationalism
love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
nation-state
A country who's population share a common identity.
otto von bismark
Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.
emancipation of serfs
Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained
industrial revolution
Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power
steam engine
1760's; James Watt; engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines
corporation
a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
laissez-faire
the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
socialism
an economic system based on state ownership of capital
communism
a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership
marxism
The theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.
labor union
an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members
communist manifesto
Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published in 1848 that describes the basic principles of communism and calls for a working class revolution.
frederich engles
Believed the Industrial Revolution was for the worst because of the burden it put on the working class
karl marx
founder of modern communism
wealth of nations
British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.
suffrage
right to vote
assembly line
Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks
charles darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
social darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
imperialism
a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries
berlin conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
paternalism
the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children
cecil rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa
suez canal
a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
british east indian company
A 17th century joint-stock company founded to trade with India to Britain's advantage
indian national congress
Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule.
muslim league
organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule.
opium wars
conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the Opium trade
spheres of influence
areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly
spanish-american war
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
monroe doctorine
james monroe's statement warning european nations not to colonize or interfere in the americas
panama canal
a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)
open door policy
American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations
russo-japanese war
A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.
sino-japanese war
A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory
militarism
policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war
fourteen points
wilson's plan for world peace following world war I
treaty of versailes
Peace agreement intended to end the Great War and all future wars
woodrow wilson
28th President of the United States
world war 1
War fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Central and Allied Powers. The United States joined the Allied Powers in 1917, helping them to victory.
leauge of nations
an international organazation up after World War I to prevent future wars
vladimir lenin
Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)
Bolshevik party
the party that seized power under Lenin's leadership.
joseph stalin
Communist dictator of the Soviet Union
mahatmas ghandi
A 20th-century Indian who helped lead his country to independence by using nonviolent resistance to colonial rule.
bloody sunday
1905, peaceful protest to Czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died
totalitarian
referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control
ussr
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.
leon trotsky
Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution
third reich
The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
adolf hitler
German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
fascism
a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)
isolationism
a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations
weimar republic
The german government from 1917-1933 overthrown by Nazis
national social party
Hitler's government party
winston church hill
Prime Minister of england
final solution
the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
holocaust
a mass killing or slaughter of jews
world war 2
1941-1945: US against Germany, Italy, and Japan
harry truman
elected Vice President in Roosevelt's 4th term