World History Chapter 25: Industrial Revolution

large landowners

enclosed their land with fences

landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods that improved crops

1. landowners tried new agricultural methods 2. small farmers had to give up their farms and move to cities

seed drill

sow seeds in rows

allowed more seeds to take root

crop rotation

different plants are rotated to restore nutrients

increased his sheep meat by allowing his best sheep to breed

process of developing machine production of goods

England

working population and natural resources

1. water and coal to fuel the new machines 2. iron ore to construct machines 3. rivers for inland transportation 4. harbors for ships

1. businesses invested in manufacturing of inventions 2. availability of bank loans 3. growing overseas trade 4. increased demand for goods

1. land 2. labor 3. capital

shuttle that increased the productivity of weavers

clothing could be produced faster

spinning jenny

allowed spinners to work 8 different threads at a time

water frame that used waterpower to drive spinning wheels

spinning mule that made thread stronger and finer

power loom that sped up weaving and production

buildings where wealthy merchants set up the new inventions to produce clothing

cotton gin

removed seeds and sped up the gathering of cotton

cheap, convenient source of power

how to make the steam engine faster and more efficient while burning less fuel

steam engine built for a steamboat

Clermont

creation of a network of canals

equipped road with a layer of large stones that improved drainage

cars were less likely to get stuck in the mud

world's first railroad line

Rocket

world's fastest railway line tested at 25 mph

1. transported materials and finished products cheaply 2. created new jobs for railroad workers and miners 3. increased sales of agricultural and fishing industries 4. country people moved to the cities 5. city people went to resorts

1. unhealthy working conditions 2. air pollution 3. water pollution 4. negative effects of child labor

moved to the factories to earn higher wages

1. heat their homes 2. dine on beef 3. wore better clothing

city building and the movement of people to cities

near sources of energy (water and coal)

1. no development plans 2. no sanitary codes 3. no building codes 4. lacked adequate housing 5. lacked adequate education 6. lacked police protection 7. streets with no drains 8. workers worked in dark shelters 9. families lived in one bedroom 10. sickness was widespread

14 hours a day, 6 days a week

seldom were lit causing machines to injure workers

coal mines

women and children

social classes

1. landowners and aristocrats 2. had political power 3. comfortable standard of living

1. government employees 2. doctors 3. lawyers 4. managers

1. laborers 2. poor living and working conditions

1. created jobs 2. increased the nation's wealth 3. fostered technological progress 4. increased production of goods 5. raised the standard of living

economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without government interference

government interferes with the production of wealth

1. Law of self-interest 2. Law of competition 3. Law of supply and demand

people work for their own good

forces people to make good products

goods are produced at the lowest possible price

factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business to make a profit

they would lower profits and undermine the production of wealth in society

people judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their ability or usefulness

promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

developed policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits

factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

1. factories would drive small businesses out of business 2. workers would revolt and destroy the economy

means of production are owned by the people and goods would be shared equally

labor associations that negotiated between workers and employers for better working conditions and fair pay

refusal to work due to unfair treatment of workers

outlawed workers ability to form unions

right to strike and picket peacefully

U.S. unions formed the American Federation of Labor

higher wages and shorter hours

illegal to hire children under the age of 9 children aged 9-12 could only work 8 hours a day children aged 13-17 could only work 12 hours a day

illegal for women and children to work underground

limited the workday for women and children to 10 hours

slavery

1865

public school system