World History Chapter 11 Study Guide

Women of islamic religion had more rights including the right to divorce, be educated, consent to marriage, inherit, and equal spiritual rights

Islamic Holy book straight from God allowing it to be unnegotiable. (Everything muslims do is not in the Quran)

An exodus of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib in AD 622, when threatened by the opposition of the Meccan merchants who feared neglecting their idols and disrupting the pilgrim trade

Fifth pillar of Islam that requires a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life. Muslims must trek around the Kaaba in silence seven times. (Kaaba is believed to be the site where abraham built a temple)

Muslim house of worship where they pray and attend services

Messenger of god/last and most important prophet in islam

All muslims accept the duties known as the five pillars of Islam 1st: Shahadah-"You shall know there is no god but Allah" 2nd: Salat- Prayer five times a day facing mecca 3rd: Zakat- Charity in which two and a half percent of total income is given to poor 4th: Sawm- Fasting from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan 5th: Hajj-a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life. Muslims must trek around the Kaaba in silence seven times. (Kaaba is believed to be the site where abraham built a temple)

Division arose within Islam over his successor.

Effort in service to god as another duty

Islamic system of law that regulated moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community

a caliph who ruled from 786 to 809 Admired for his wealth, generosity, and support for art and education.

Muslim mystics who sought communion with god through meditation, fasting, and other rituals and respected for their piety and miraculous powers. Spread their faith through missionary work

the slender towers mosques

a mosque official who climbed to the top of the minarets and called the faithful to prayer

Invaders from central Asia that converted to Muslim Gained control of Baghdad, pushed into the Asia Minor and threatened the Byzantine empire Migrated into the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent. Responsible for the start of the Crusades. Seljuk Sultan-an authority that controlled Baghdad but Left the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead

-Abu Bakr, Muhammad's caliph and the three caliphs following him expanded the land. -Many places in Europe that Muslims conquered became cultural centers

-Muslims tated non-muslims but tolerated their presence -Many Jews and Christians Became key officials, doctors, and translators and many even converted

-viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority -Believed Muhammad's successor should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community.

-Believed the only true successors to the Prophet were descendants of Muhammad's - Believed descendants of Muhammad were divinely inspired

-Govt. set up test for doctors -Hospitals with emergency rooms -Surgeons developed treatment for cataracts

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-Between 750 and 1360, merchants built a vast trading network across the muslim world and beyond. -New business practices were established, such as partnerships, credit, banks, and bank checks -Handicraft manufacturing in cities was organized by guilds Outside the cities, agriculture flourished

Slaves were brought from conquered lands in Spain, Greece, Africa, India, and Central Asia. Muslims could not be enslaved. Slaves that converted to Islam free the children from slavery but no them. Most slaves worked as household servant, the Abbasids used slave-soldiers. Slaves could rise to higher govt positions.

Set standards for scientific study of history

Wrote a medical encyclopedia

-Pioneered the study of algebra and wrote mathematics textbook that became standard in Europe. -Developed astronomical tables

A great shrine capped with a magnificent dome. Believed to be the place Muhammad was brought in his Hijra

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A tale of islamic literature that included persian, egyptian, Greek, Jewish,Indian and Turkish influences

Studied measles and smallpox

Established in 1526

Conqueror from central Asia who destroyed what was left of the Sultanate and established the Mughal dynasty

-Wife of Jahangir (Akbar's son) -The most powerful woman in Indian History up until the twentieth century. -Possesed shrewd political judgement -Loved poetry and royal sports

A blend of Religious Beliefs: Belief in the unity of God Belief in reincarnation Rejection of caste system

The high point of Mughal culture came under Akbar's grandson, Shah Jahan, who built the taj Mahal after his wife Mumtaz Mahal died

A language that appeared as intermarriage occurred

-Blended to create Sikhism -Rajahs were left in power -Poor people caste converted to Islam -Persian art appears in Indian subjects

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Strengthened Mughal India with the following accomplishments: Implemented policy of religious toleration Employed paid officials, instead of hereditary office holders Modernized the army Encouraged international trade Standardized weights and measures Introduced land reforms

Revived the glory of ancient Persia with the following accomplishments: -centralized govt. -created a powerful and modern military force -strengthened the economy by reducing taxes on farmers and herder and encouraging industry -Tolerated non-Muslims and valued their economic contributions -used a mixture of forces and diplomacy against the ottomans -forged alliances with European states -Built magnificent new capital at Isfahan -Supported the growth of Persian culture

the elite force of the Ottoman army

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Dominated the middle east and parts of Eastern Europe

Men of the Pen- Intellects/upperclass Men of the sword-Fighters/upperclass Men of the negotiation-artisans/middle class Men of Husbandry- agricultural workers/middle class Millets- non-muslims/ lower class

The most famous Sultan of the Ottomans, led the Ottomans into a golden age in 1520-1566. Known as the Lawgiver Created empire in the Middle east and Europe Modernized the army claimed to be the rightful heir of the Abbasids and caliph to all Muslims Practiced sunni islam

Poets produced works in the Turkish language Painters produced detailed miniatures and illuminated manuscripts.

The royal architect who designed magnificent mosques and palaces

non-Islamic religious communities

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