What does Renaissance mean?
"Rebirth"
What is the renewed focus on man's capacity?
humanism
Renaissance vs. Medieval
Renaissance gloried in the past and lived with enthusiasm;
Medieval fixed their thoughts on the future joys of heaven
The Renaissance emphasized what?
Human individuality, ability, and dignity
Did the Renaissance humanism abandon belief in God?
No
The new course of study ________ became popular in the west; Also known as the liberal arts
humanities
Those who studied the liberal arts were known as ________
Humanists
What was the goal of Renaissance education?
To develop well-rounded individuals.
They stimulated a _______ of the classical age.
"rebirth"
The Renaissance education renewed what?
Study of Greek and Latin as languages
What city was the birthplace of the Renaissance?
Florence, Italy
What were commissioned artists with their wealth?
patrons
Who were the Medici Family?
They were the most famous patrons, besides the church; gained political control over Florence
Who was the most notable and most generous patron of the Medici Family?
Lorenzo de Medici (During his rule, Florence became the most influential city)
Who revived interest in the study of classical literature?
Petrarch (Pioneer of the Renaissance)
Who wrote a book on etiquette?
Castiglione
What was the book of etiquette called?
The Courtier
What did Machiavelli write; what was it about?
The Prince; Reflects upon the political conditions of his day
Who was the leading advocate of the church reform and wrote the Praise of Folly?
Erasmus
Who was an English humanist who wrote a book on his views of an ideal government; what was the book called?
More; Utopia
Who invented the movable-type printing; what was his greatest achievement?
Gutenburg; Gutenburg Bible
Who was a Spanish humanist that wrote a book making fun of chivalry; what was this book called?
Cervantes; Don Quixote
Who was the greatest playwright of ALL time; Became the master of character Portrayal?
Shakespeare
What were some things the greatest playwright wrote?
Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth (Many more)
Renaissance artists drew their inspiration from the __________________
Classical world
They broke with the artistic traditions of the Middle Ages in what ways?
1. Emphasized the present physical world
2. Secular patrons supported artists
3. Wanted to be praised because of their work
4. Gave realistic, 3-D aspects to their works
5. Painted kings, merchants, other secular officials
6. Painting and sculpture were most popular media
Who was the most famous painter of the early Italian Renaissance; Known as the Father of the Renaissance
Giotto di Bondone
What were frescoes; Who was the first person to do these?
Paintings on wet plaster; Giotto di Bondone
Who added movement to Renaissance art?
Sandro Botticielli
Who started shading to make 3-dimensional effects in paintings?
Masaccio
Who was a Dominican friar that sought to bring moral reform to Florence and to the Roman Church?
Girolamo Savonarola
Who was the best example of the so-called Renaissance man; what were some of his greatest works?
Leonardo da Vinci; Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (Love of Balance)
Where did Raphael's interest begin?
at home; his father was a painter
Raphael is most known for in his paintings of what; what was a famous painting by him?
sweet-faced Madonnas in motherhood; The School of Athens (great philosophers of ancient world)
Who is one of the most famous artists in all of history and apprenticed to a Florentine artist, Pieta?
Michelangelo
What were some of Michelangelo's most famous works?
David (17 foot marble statue) and Sistine Chapel (5,800 square foot ceiling)
Who was the leading figure of the Venetian school of painting?
Titian
What does Tintoretto mean?
Little dyer
Who was the "Leonardo of the North?"
Durer
Who was considered the finest portrait painter of the Northern Renaissance?
Holbein
Who was one of the founders of the Flemish school of painting?
Eyck
What is genre paintings; Who was best remembered for this?
Painting that depicts senses of everyday life; Brueghel
Who won a competition in which he was able to paint doors that depicted the NT stories?
Ghilberti
Who designed for the construction of the dome for the Cathedral of Florence?
Brunellechi
What was the most prominent type of musical composition during the early Middle Ages?
plainsong of Gregorian chant
Who was one of the leading figures in music during the early Renaissance?
Depres
What are unaccompanied Latin songs that combined different melodies and words with plainsong melody?
motets
What were lighthearted songs that set secular lyric poems to must?
Chansons
Who was the most famous composer of church music during the Renaissance
Palestrina
What is the consisting of many melodies; who was the master of it?
polyphonic; Palestrina
What are the positive consequences of the Renaissance?
1. Provoked a spirit of inquiry
2. Revived interest in literature and languages of antiquity
3. Developed movable-type printing
4. Made education more available to the common person
5. Stressed importance of the individuals
What are the negative consequences of the Renaissance?
1. Secular emphasis weakened moral restraints
2. Led to the worship of classical ideas instead of the God of the Bible
Who was the "Morning star of the Reformation; What was his most famous work?
Wycliffe; Wycliffe Bible (first complete English translation of the Bible)
What is recant?
To renounce your beliefs
Who was condemned to die at the stake of the Council of Constance; Had a famous quote: "I shall die with joy today in the faith of the gospel which I have preached"
Huss
Who was Martin Luther?
He was inseparably linked to the Reformation period; Started in the monastery, found out that justification was by faith alone. Basically started the spiritual awakening.
Ninety-Five Thesis
Written by Luther; October 31, 1517; Symbol of defiance against the corruption and hypocrisy of Rome; All saints day (Nov. 1)
What granted pardons from the punishment of sins?
Indulgences
Who sent out indulgences to help complete the building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome?
Pope Leo X
Who was one of the people who collected money for these indulgences?
Tetzel
What was the theory gaining heaven by merit?
Treasury of saints
What was the Leipzig Debate?
Three-week debate; Eck vs. Luther; Question of the authority in the church
What happened in the Diet of Worms?
They were trying to make Luther recant, he didn't get killed, but he was considered an outlaw?
What does it mean to be considered an outlaw?
It is when you can kill the outlaw without getting arrested or punished for it
Who was the emperor of the time they were going to make Luther condemned?
Charles V
What are a few things Luther made?
Shorter Catechisms, Mighty fortress of our God, Augsburg Confession
What was the key doctrine to the Reformation movement?
"Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone!"
Zurich; Who wrote the Sixty-seven Conclusions?
Zwingli
Who were the Swiss Brethren who didn't believe in infant baptism or the separation of church and state?
Anabaptists (baptize again)
What is it when Anabaptists believed that a Christian should not take up arms against anyone?
Pacifism
Who was John Calvin?
He was 2nd to Martin Luther; Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, sovereignty of God; Became pastor in Geneva
Where was the leading center of the Reformation?
Geneva
The English Reformation was influenced by what to factors?
Translations of the Bible and English rulers
Why did Henry VIII break with the Roman Catholic Church?
Because since Catherine wasn't able to give him a boy, he wanted to divorce with her and go to Anne; since they didn't give him his wishes, he decided to break away from the church.
Members of the ______ Dynasty occupied the throne in England
Tudor
Why didn't the church let Henry VIII divorce Catherine of Aragon; Who allowed him to divorce her?
Because she was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella (very powerful in Spain); Related to Charles V; Political; Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury
What famous book contains Bible readings and prayers for special occasions; Under whose rule was it made; who wrote it?
Book of Common Prayers; Edward VI; Cranmer
Who tried to eliminate Protestantism in England; Who were her main victims?
Mary I; bloody Mary; Latimer, Ridle, Cranmer (caved, he ended up dying anyway, burned his hand first)
Under whose rule does England become the strongest country; what was their nickname?
Elizabeth I; Good Queen Bess
Spanish Armada
Elizabeth I vs. Philip II; 1588; Philip II lost! Spanish had #1 army soon, but it soon declined very quickly
What were some of the significant impacts of the Spanish Armada?
1. English victory preserved England from becoming Catholic
2. Established England as #1 sea power
Who wanted to purify the church of England from within?
Puritans
Who wanted to remove themselves from the church
Separatists
Who was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland?
Knox
Protestants of the Netherlands fought under who?
William the Silent
Who were French Protestants?
Huguenots
St. Batholomew's Day Massacre
Catherine de Medici; 20,000 Huguenots murdered!
Who was the head of the Bourbon family and the leader of the Huguenots?
Boubon
What is the Edict of Nantes?
When Henry of Navarre changed to Catholic; He still wanted his fellow Huguenots to be happy so he established this. Granted a certain toleration
Bouron vs. ______
Guise (Henry IV) Henry won (Catholic)
Counter Reformation
Same thing as Catholic; counter=oppose; opposing Protestant things of Europe
What was the instrumental in promoting the Counter Reform?
Jesuits
Who was the Jesuits founded by?
Loyola
Who believed "guilty until proven innocent?"
Pope Paul III
What did the Index of Prohibited Books do?
Regulated what the church members could read; 48 editions of the Bible
What was the significance to the Council of Trent?
Sealed the break between Catholism and Protestantism
What was the most popular instrument of the Renaissance?
lute
What country did the Reformation begin in?
Germany
What humanist wrote, "it is much safer to be feared than loved?" Where is this quote found?
Machiavelli, The Prince
Who were the followers of Wycliffe?
Lollards
