Windows 7 – Chapter 5

CIDR differs from traditional address (now called classful addressing) by allowing the division between the network identifier and the host identifier to fall anywhere in an IPv4 address, it does not have to fall on one of the eight-bit boundaries. Helps conserves the IP address space

One in which two communicating system eatables a connection before they transmit data.

Once the connection is established the computers exchange packets with complex headers designed to provide error detection and correction. A connection-oriented protocol ensures bit-perfect data transmissions, but at the price of greatly increased overhead

Does not require the establishment of a connection, nor does it perform error detection or correction. Systems simply transmit their packets to the destination without know if the destination system is ready to accept data, or if it even exists. Connectionless protocols do not guarantee delivery of their data, but they operate with a very low overhead that conserves network bandwidth.

The process of applying the header and the footer is called data encapsulation.

Data-link layer packet that gets transmitted over the network consists of transport layer data, encapsulated within an IP packet, which called datagram, which in turn encapsulated within an Ethernet frame

At either end of each cable run are modular 8P8C connectors.

It is often incorrectly referred to as RJ45 connectors, which is similar to the RJ11 connectors used for telephones. . A network interface adapter is the component that provides the connection to the network.

Firewall is a software routine that acts as a virtual barrier between a computer and the network to which it is attached. Essentially, a filter that enables certain types of incoming and outgoing traffic to pass through the barrier, while blocking other types

Header and footer and the data they contain are collectively called a frame.

The protocols that Windows uses by default at the network and transport layers are collectively called TCP/IP. IP is the network layer protocol that performs many important networking functions.

Every device that is directly connected to a TCP/IP network must have an IP address. IP addresses are independent of the hardware address assigned to network interface adapters.

System transmits name query request messages as multicasts to the local network.

The request contains the name the computer is trying to resolve. The other computers on the local network, on receiving he messages, compare the requested name with their own names. The computer with the requested name than replies with a message containing IP address, which it transmits as unicast to the original requestor.

The addresses computers use at the data-link layer are six-byte hexadecimal sequences, hardcoded into each network interface adapter by the manufacturer. These sequences are called hardware addresses or media access control (MAC) address). The first three bytes of a hardware address identify the manufacturer of the network interface adapter and the last three bytes identify the adapter itself.

NAT is a feature built into many routers that takes the packets destined for the Internet that are generated by computers on a private network, substitutes a registered address for the computer's private address and then forwards the packet to the Internet destination. When it gets a reply, it reverses the process.

Most common method for illustrating the operations of the networking stack which consists of seven layers. Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, data-link, Physical

Local area networks are sometimes described as packet-switching networks because the messages generated by each computer are divided up into small pieces called packets, which he computer transmits individually over the network.

Headers both contain codes that identify specific applications running on the systems.

Codes are called ports.

Computer networking is a highly complex process, but most of the technology operates invisibly, both to the user and the administrator. Computers on a network communicate using protocols, which are nothing more than the languages that all computers understand. These protocols operative on different levels, coming what is commonly known s a networking stack.

A device that connects one network to another.

The combination of an IP address and a prot number is called a socket

IPv6 address assignment is much more of an automatic process than in IPv4. A technique called stateless address autoconfiguration enables computers to configure their own addresses after transmitting routers solicitation multicasts to the router on the network and receiving router advertisement message in return.

A 32-bit number, expressed in dotted decimal notation, such as 255.255.255.0 Difference between a subnet mask and an IPv4 address is that a subnet mask, consists, in binary form, of a series of consecutive 1s followed by a series of consecutive O'sPro

One of two protocols that Windows uses by default at the nework and transprt layers that is collectively called TCP/IP

Most cabled networks use a type of cable called unshielded twisted pair (UTP), which is similar to cable used for telephone wiring.

UTP cable consists of four pairs of wires, with each pair twisted individually. At either end of each cable run are modular 8P8C connectors

Firewall

Network and Sharing Center

Router

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference model and 7 layers

Connectionless-Oriented Protocol

Ping.exe

NSLookup.exe

DHCP

TRACERT.EXE

Application and Physical Layer

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