US History Louisiana EOC Review Terms

a secret society of white Southerners in the United States, later grew in the Northeast and Midwest opposing immigrants, Jews and Catholics

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.

This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight

a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

A cattle drive in which Texas ranchers drove herds of cattle north to be sold in northern markets

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1 1867

..., a large-scale farming enterprise

United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP Morgan

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

manufactured railroad cars; nationwide conflict between labor unions and railraods; 3000 employees began a wilde cat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, stopping traffic in chicago

Railroad strike that crippled the US first nationwide strike, 10 governors used their militias to break

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Place where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west contains Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy

a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)

an organization that blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it.

..., Started in the 1890s and was against saloons and drinking

1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement; the Populist movement

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

city slum areas inhabited by minority groups living there due to social or economic pressures

a rundown apartment house barely meeting minimal standards

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Democrats and Republicans opposed to free silver and who supported the gold standard because tehy feared implications to currency value with free silver.

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act

an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition

organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women

a women's organization founded in 1916 by Alice Paul that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men

in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was a civil rights organization for ethnic minorities. This is the largest organization in the US, so it has a lot of influence, meaning that minorities had more hope for equality.

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs. No longer could political cronyism secure government positions - all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness.

allowed americans to vote directly for U.S senators

Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

novel by Upton Sinclair which called for reform in the meat-packing industry

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

=Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

=passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings

==Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

=Congressional measure to provide the a substantial reduction of rates, and the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+

=a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

=the central bank of the United States

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers

These were three changes intended to increase the individual voter's influence in government. It gives a person the power to propose laws, states that certain laws passed by the state legislature do not take effect unless they are approved by a majority of the citizens, and strengthens the control of voters over elected officials.

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

an election in which voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general election

Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

26th President of the United States

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)

Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

heir to the throne of Austria Hungary; assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a bosnian serb.; sparked WWI

Volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (French premier), David Lloyd George (British prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (Italian prime minister)

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits

William Seward (secretary of State) bought Alaska from the Russians in 1867 in an attempt to spread American influence. He was criticized by the press for his choice, but public attitude changed after the discovery of gold.

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution.

a period of general fear of communists

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

In response to the German torpedoes Sussex steamer, Wilson told Germany that if they didnt stop sinking merchant ships with warning, he would break diplomatic relations.

President Woodrow Wilson's plan for a just world bases on the Allies' aims to end World War I No secret treaties, freedom of the seas, no tariffs, reduce arms, adjust colonial claims, establish an association of nations

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. The age limits were later changed to 18 and 45.

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

under the Espionage Act of 1917, a person can not use the first ammendment as protection when speaking against the US government and military

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

sensationalist journalism

diplomacy influenced by economic considerations

foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

any instance of aggressive extension of authority by one country

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

compensation (given or received) for an insult or injury

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)

Tennessee high school teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times presperity and excitement

. a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States. It favored immigrants from Northern and western Europe.

This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights.[1]

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

32nd President of the United States

gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933.[1]

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955

Out of several competing auto unions, this one was gradually emerging preeminent in the early and mid-1930s. But although ot was gaining recruits, it was making little progress in winning recognitions from the corperations. Automobile workers eployed an effective new technique for challenging corperate oppositions: the sit-down strike.

group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

formed in 1934, primarily by conservative Democrats to oppose the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II.

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; also known as the Second Hundred Days.

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation

Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.

relief (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

This was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 to supervise industry—the act also created the Public works Administration to create jobs.

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

..., proposed that FDR be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of seventy and had not retired; soundly defeated in Congress; FDR came under intense criticism for trying to seize too much power

midwest region subject to dust storms, drove people to california

a market characterized by rising prices for securities

Relief, Reform, Recovery

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

anti-jew; against the Jewish people

a member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

British statesman and leader during World War II

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Japanese suicide pilots

Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for sending vital messages. Hard to understand.

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

a battle during World War II

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

a harbor on Oahu west of Honolulu attacked by Japan; began US entry into WWII

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

To circumvent the provisions of the Neutrality Acts to help Great Britain, the U.S. gave England fifty destroyers in return for the right to build American bases on British territory in the Caribbean

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demonds of), policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

Communist leader of China; gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

A department of the federal executive branch entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon.

A committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security".When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee

Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and power with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s. Over the years, NASA has sent experditions to the moon, developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs and sent probes to Mars

At this convention in 1954, the region of Indochina was divided into three nations: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The convention also decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi Minh in the North and anti-communists led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would occur in two years.

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Eisenhower's plan to build an interstate highway system that would connect the US and help in military movements during a war.

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 in Tennesee

NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Incident in which nine African-American students were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement.

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

50's movement where middle-class white Americans fled to suburbs leaving inner cities to decay

37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal.

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

determined that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone

the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also know as the National Liberation Front

founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal opportunity where the EEOC was lacking (gender discrimination); lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

1964 Lyndon Johnson's program for poverty relief, healthcare, civil rights, etc. during his presidency. Improved nation's moral and people's lives

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

the law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

1962 Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

headed by George Wallace who entered the 1968 election and called for the continuation of segregation of blacks

an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

created as a fundraising organization of United States President Richard Nixon's administration. Besides its re-election activities, CRP employed money laundering and slush funds and was directly and actively involved in the Watergate scandal.[1]

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur)

the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes

Reagan sent money to the Contra's in Nicaragua with the money he got for selling arms to Iran

Polish nationalists who began to protest the SOviet oppression

Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power

treaty between the US and the Soviet to stabilize the nuclear arms competition between the two countries. Talks began in 1969 and agreements were signed on May 26, 1972

The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Bush and Gorbachev signed the this. It reduced nuclear warheads to less than 10000 each. It led to Start II which reduced weapon level to 1960s level. The cold war was officially over.

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

ECONOMIC CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY RISING INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Strategic Defense Initiative pursued by Reagan in the 1980s; involved satellite defense against missiles

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Democratic president (1993-2001) whose two-term presidency witnessed rapid economic growth but also a sexual scandal that fueled an impeachment effort, which he survived.

in 1995, the murrow federal building in oklahoma city was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people; the bombing was the act of this extremist

Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000; secretary of state

Illinois Senator who won the presidency in 2008, first African-American President, advocate for universal healthcare, an end to the Iraqi War, and economic recovery.

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

a group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

A series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings.

1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

highest storm surge on record, costliest hurricane on record, 1836 dead, permanent displacement of over 500,000 people, evacuation of large urban population center, storm surge of 25 ft on coast of Mississippi

Occurred because of bad practices in the financial sector related to home mortgages. The government eventually bailed out the banks with over 700 billion dollars. the real estate bubble burst in the US, setting in motion a financial crisis of enormous proportions

NAFTA an alliance that merges canada, mexico and the united states into a single market

This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once

Computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol

world wide computer network to facilitate data transmission and exchange

using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.

Evidence of a crime obtained without a search warrant violates 4th Amendment Can be excluded in state court and federal court

Criminal Courts MUST provide a free attorney to those who cannot afford it

Suspects have the right to consult attorney when answering police questions. If the suspect asks for an attorney and is denied one, any information obtained is inadmissible in court. This is the "Exclusionary Rule".

All suspects must be "read their rights" before questioning by police

"One Man, One Vote" - legislative districts must have similar population numbers

Connecticut ban on use of contraceptives overturned Establishes "Right to Privacy"

school prayer illegal

Ruling on the Pentagon Papers which exposed government deception in the Vietnam War Government tried to stop using Prior Restraint Court Ruled Government did not meet "heavy burden" necessary to stop publication

Supreme Court Decision that legalizes Abortion in the United States ; part of right to privacy

Racial Quotas are illegal but... Affirmative Action is legal so long as race is one factor of consideration

Supreme Court orders school busing to end pattern of all-black or all-white schools End to de-facto segregation