U.S. History chapter 21

The decision in this case overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine and said that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

1955 protest action to end segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama

mixing racial groups

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Black attorney who successfully argued the case of Brown V. Board of Eduction in front of the Supreme Court

Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.

head of the Women's Political Council; called for the Montgomery Bus Boycott the day Rosa Parks appeared in court

Governor of Arkansas who sent the National Guard to prevent this desegregation

the end of something reservation for Native Americans

both African Americans and whites are involved

an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Civil rights protests that tried not to involve any violence.

Black civil rights organization that drew heavily on younger activists and college students

the act of protesting by sitting down

bus trips taken by civil rights advocates in the 1960s CORE sponsored it. designed to test enforcement of federal regulations that prohibited segregation.

armed white mobs, where a white mob torched a Freedom Ride bus

First African American student at university of Mississippi

most segregated city in America

Martin Luther Kings Letters from jail.

The march was a huge civil rights protest. It was here when King made his "I have a dream" speech. The march also pressured the government to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Martin Luther King Jr

senators prevent a vote by taking the floor and refuse to stop talking.

a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate

Passed by Congress in 1964 in honor of the late President Kennedy. This act banned racial discrimination in places such as hospitals and restaurants. This act also gave the government the power to desegregate schools. It led to the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Legislation that abolished literacy tests as a requirement to register to vote.

outlawed the poll tax

Kennedy didn't want to anger, move slowly civil rights movement

SNCC Sent people people to national Democratic Convention

King organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. A sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators.

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

segregation that is imposed by law

the separation caused by social conditions such as poverty

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

Martin Luther King, Robert F Kennedy was assassinated

first African American elected to Texas state senate

Lawyer and civil rights leader who helped in Brown V. Board of education case for Virginia

supreme court justice in the Brown vs. Board of Education case

Document signed by more than one hundred member of Congress, denouncing Brown v. Board of Education as "a clear abuse of judicial power."

an influential leader of the civil rights era, assassinated in 1968

President who sent federal troops to Little Rock to guarantee that the nine African-American students were protected and integration would occur.

Arkansas Crisis,1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. troopers to ensure the students could attend class.

individual or group aided the growing numbers of African Americans in cities by helping them find jobs

Civil rights leader who founded the Congress of Racial Equality, led the first sit in

55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)

One of SNCC's most influential leaders. Recruited black and white volunteers to help rural blacks register to vote

-decision by the Supreme Court in 1960 that made racial segregation in public transportation illegal

Governor of Mississippi who tried to prevent James Meredith from entering Ole Miss,

Birmingham Police Chief that used fire houses and dogs to control the students during the Children's Crusade

took place in Birmingham 1963, where children's nonviolent protest was met with firehoses and dogs. Images captured for TV.

SCLC minister who organized the children in the Children's March

church that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the march on Washington, killing 4 teenage girls

During this presidents era, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by Congress which was a landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed segregation in the US schools and public places.

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks; he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

shot Medgar Evers 1963 Mississippi; arrested, acquitted, arrested 30 years later and imprisoned for life

African American labor leader who, in 1941, demanded that the government ban discrimination against Backs in defense industries

banned the use of different voter registration standards for white and black

prohibited discrimination in public accommodations (motels, restaurants, ect.)

with held federal when discrimination is practiced money

That part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibits employment discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as its enforcement vehicle.

GOP leader in Senate led Repub. vote to end 57-day filibuster, passing Kennedy's civil rights measure

testified that the college campuses were centers of "red propaganda," full of teachers "tearing down respect for agencies of gov., belittling tradition and moral custom and...creating doubts in the validity of the American way of life"

bridge that led African Americans out of Selma, and Jim Clark's police attacked them

formed by Malcolm X

A leader of the Black Nationalist movement in 1966, he coined the phrase "Black Power". Broke off from the nonviolent movements.

a radical group that urged African Americans to "arm themselves" for a racial war

Founders of the Black Panthers.

convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail

where Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated

Place where Robert F. Kennedy was shot.

assassinated Robert Kennedy