The Ghost Map Chapters 1-4

Soho London; a metropolis of more than 2 million peopleone of the 1st modern cities in the worldlacked infrastructure necessary to support its dense population

Vibrio cholerae

lack of garbage removal, clean water, sewers--the city was the perfect breeding ground for a terrifying disease that no knew during this time how to cure.

Reverend Henry Whitehead and Dr. John Snow, cholera, and a vast city

--had faith in the benevolent God but is shaken by the random nature of the victims.--affable (friend, good-nature) clergyman at St.

Luke Church on Berwick Street-- attended school at Chatham House (father headmaster)-- top student; attended Lincoln College at Oxford

-- like to drink (stay a local tavern)-- ordained in London -- liberal in political views but conservative in morals-- knew many people by name

had ideas about contagion but was dismissed by the scientific community that cholera outbreaks was from the contaminated water.apothecary ( a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs)

1. leading pioneer in the development of anesthesia in Britain using ether and chloroform to reduce pain created for anesthesia and arsenic to preserve dead bodies.2.

father of epidemiology3. was a vegetarian and a teetotaler (person who never drink)

-- the study of the incidence, prevalence, and source of disease in large populations. -- investigates both epidemic (i.e. episodic) and endemic (i.e.

always present) diseases.-- focuses on groups rather than individuals and often takes a historical perspective. -- John Snow was an early practitioner.

-- relation to the natural sciences, is the practice of relying on observation, data collection, and experimentation like John Snow and Henry Whitehead

an intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae a waterborne disease-- a microscopic organism that consists of single cell harboring strands of DNA-- doesn't have organelles or cell nuclei (prokaryotic)-- have 100,000 separate bacterial cells that use naked strands of genetic code that need host to replicate and survive

10,000 people would died in a 48 hr. period.

Outbreaks occurred heavy rainfalls came and over ran cesspools into the well water of Broad Street. Feces entered the drinking water supply.

People became infected by swallowing water or food contaminated with the cholera bacteria or by coming into contact with the stool or vomit of a person infected with cholera. Cholera spread due to inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene.

diarrhea(rice watery stool), abdominal cramps, vomiting, leg cramps.

The rapid loss of fluid may cause dehydration and shock. Without treatment available people died within hours up to 48 hrs.

Newcastle in 1831/2 during his apprenticeship at the age of 14. He treated the survivors of the Killingworth Colliery

He observed bad sanitary conditions in the minessaw that the workers ate and defecated in the same locate of the caverns. witness that cholera came from an outbreak of social conditions of impoverished workers

1841 entitled "Asphyxia and the Resuscitation of New-born Children"

1849: On the Mode of Communication of Cholera: Journals dismissed book saying that the book fail to proof that the occurence of any one case could be clearly and unambiguously assigned to the contaminated water.

On April 1853, Snow administered obstetric anesthesia to Queen Victoria on the birth of Prince Leopold.

The book states that the air was cold, solitary desolation about the noiseless streets but normally the streets were busy, crowded, full of live. One could hear sound of voices coming near, cars and foot traffic, open the door of shops but during the outbreak no cars, no voices

would see drunken men, the homeless individuals but during the outbreak people stayed in their homes

--1833 publish his observation about London in Our Mutual Friend. He walked the streets of Soho, listening and mimicking people --believed that civilization produced barbarity as an unavoidable waste product. He said that "barbarians weren't storming the gates; they were being bred from within."-- wrote Hard Times and published in Household Words talking against the industrial coketowns

1844 pioneering work, London Labour and the London Poor.

He characterize the bone-picker, rag- gathers, sewer hunters, Tosher, night soil men, dustman, mud-larks and Shoremen

1326; fell into a cesspool and drowned in human shit

--during the Great Plague of 1665 he purchased a block of land in a semirural area in near Central London called Soho Field.--built 36 small houses for people with the plague-- rest of land used for mass grave-- dozens died nightly-- people thought the dead was infecting them and causing death

--Prussian immigrant -- lived in Soho--"radical" philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and socialist

share of industry: slaughterhouses, manufacturing plants, tripe boilers. had a mixture of working poor and the entrepreneurial middle class.

-- dividers between the rich and the poor-- had few conduits (channel thru) that open directly onto Regent Street-- Nash designed street-- street designed as a barricade fro the Marylebone Park where Prince Regent's's Carlton House was located

-- continued the sanitation campaign started by Edwin Chadwick

1780's - Industrial Revolution begins in England1798 - Publication of "An Essay on the Principle of Population" by Thomas Malthus, which fueled the debate about the size of the population in Britain1813 - Birth of John Snow1831-32 - Cholera outbreak in London kills over 6500 people1837 - Queen Victoria took the throne at age 18Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist, drawing attention to Britain's poor

1848-1849 - Cholera outbreak in London kills over 14000 people1853-1856 - Crimean War (Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Great Britain and France)1854 - Cholera outbreak near Broad Street pumpLittle baby girl Lewis dies on August 28 after bout with vomiting and watery green stool.1858 - Death of John Snow

1.

lived in an eleven roomhouse with 18 other inhabitants on 40 broad street2. had a little boy who died at ten month old3. had a little girl Sara was unable to breast feed due to her health problems4. baby girl ate ground rice and milk from the bottle; sick in 2 months5. Sara put soiled cloth diapers in tepid water and the tossed foul water in cesspool.

a soft boggy area of land that gives way underfoot (swamp)

people of London were eating on a regular waste matter discharged from the bowel (feces) p.2 and 40-42

p. 4 protest against the system that allowed people to live in waste

p. 3 waste pickers that operate in landfills while living there with their families. they pick solid waste that can be recycled

p. 4 a person that travel from place to place looking for somewhere to stay, hobo, homeless, underclass

p.

5 based on the demography (population) and biology around that area of land. It is the actual reproductive rate of the population

p.6 a yellowish brown symbiotic dinoflagellate present in large numbers in the cytoplasm of many marine invertebrates

p. 14 harboring infection and disease

a form of Calvinism that maintains that every person has a free will, and that makes a distinction between depravity, as the tendency to commit sins as a voluntary choice of evil actions (felt this is why the poor was dying)

a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal

p.

16 impossibe to stop or prevent the need for shelter so people moved in the "pesthouse field" of Cavern in the Golder square area.

p. 16 a new neighborhood (Mayfair) that begins to grow or increase rapidly-- 20 residents in 1740--1757 William Blake born on 28 Broad Street; a famous poet and artist

p. 18 a figure of speech that artist, poets and writing would known.

p. 19 luxurious and lavish area and people in Mayfair and Kensington surrounded by the working poverty and foul-smelling industry

p.20 very expensive and fashionable which was west of Regent street in Mayfair

p. 20 a guarded measure to prevent anyone from leaving an area infected by a disease and thus spreading it.. Also prevent communication from undesirable people

p.

21 use as an intensifier, oftern to qualify a metaphor to increase prices and commerce

-- first case of a disease in a group or population. -- serves to call attention to the presence of the disease.--Finding the index case for the Soho outbreak of 1854 was very important to John Snow as it helped him support his theory of waterborne transmission of cholera. -- The location of the index case was in a house whoseresidents fouled (contaminated) a popular well from which Soho residents drew water.

-- a person who thinks independently.-- refer to an intellectual, artist, scientist, politician or anyone who takes a stand that is apart or different fromhis or her associates.

--applied to John Snow who regularly did not let the popular scientific ideas or the mindset of his time deter him from making scientific inquiries based on different assumptions. Whitehead like people with maverick ideas

-- describe foul smelling air, or an oppressive or unpleasantatmosphere also known as "night air."

-- argued that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia orthe Black Death were caused by a miasma. -- The theory held that the origin of epidemics was dueto a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter.

p.

26 a loud, confused noise, especially one caused by a large mass of people like in Soho

p. 29 certain patterns moving in a circular way in a chaotic area.

p.30 a small line of people waiting their turn around the vendors on 40th Broad st.

-- two dissimilar organisms living together.

The relationship may be mutually beneficial or one organism may gain a benefit while the other does not. The concept describes a bacteria which needs a human host to provide a food source (think Vibrio cholerae) as well as the human body which utilizes bacteria (e.g. some strains of e. coli)as part of its digestive processes.

--unavoidable smells of cesspools and sewers from factories and furnaces--had livestock like horses, cows, sheep, oxen and the animal feces in city center-- one vendor sold 30,000 sheep in 2 days-- blood from the slaughter of livestock drained in to gulley holes of the street.

-- man lived with 27 dogs in single room and left feces on roof of building--charwoman (clean houses or businesses) had 17 dogs, cats and rabbits in single room

-- known as a reliable source of clean well water-- extended 24 ft. below surface; goes to Hyde Park-- people from Rupert St. and Little Marlborough drink the water-- taste colder than rival pumps (hint of carbonation)

-- owned a factory with 150 employees that manufactured percussion cap for firearm-- father started company-- sent a bottle of broad street water to mother on Monday and she shared it with niece

1.

Chemist son had a glass with pudding2. Mr. G (tailor) wife got several pitcher for him 3. coffeehouse brewed coffee with pump water4.

10 yr. old girl

1. John Gould - noted ornithologist ( zoologist who focuses on birds)2. Thomas Lewis

--had food poisoning symptoms but this was not the case--had a foreboding ( feeling that something bad will happen) sense -- on Thursday had muscle spasms, vomiting and sharp abdominal pains and thirsty-- had rice water stool-- had blue skin and lips, eyes sunk and shrunk-- dead in 48 hrs. Sick Wed.

died Friday

-- no refrigeration-- impure water supplies-- excessive consumption of beer, spirits and coffee

p. 31 binge drinking of Goldern square neighorhood on oppressive days

p. 33 annoucing or signaling the approach of death which would be the stomach pain or watery stool

for 2 thousand yrs. confined to India and Asian subcontinentcame from British soldier stationed in Ganjam, India

1st to perish from cholera in England

died a yr. after Sproat in 1838--20,000 dead in Wales-- 1848-49 50,000 died

view in electron microscope-- looks like a swimming peanut-- a curved rod with a thin, rotating tail called the flagellum that propels the organism-- need 10 million per mL of water to be detectable by human eye-- 200 million in glass of water

-- reduction in volume of blood circulation----Blood thickens-- hard to pump faster to maintain blood pressure and keep vital organs going-- shut down gallbladder and spleen-- vessels in extremities constrict (tingling sensation) with the cholera bacteria the brain is the last to go so victims are aware of the attack.

Waste products accumulate in the blood; person become unconscious (coma) and vital organs shut down

p.

50 laxative; in the story they used castor oil, brandy and rhubarb to cure cholera

p. 51 the many remedies that made the problem of cholera worse; needed rehydration

p. 53 Whitehead wanted to challenge accepted theory about the deaths of the people. wanted to submit to a empirical view (data, statistics)

normal way of thinking; moral content that's used too often

--Medical officer who had practice on Dean Street-- heard about entire household with the disease-- people went from healthy to death in 12 hours-- Dr. Harrison a friend died from the disease-- there when baby Lewis died

--Waterstone's which consistent two grown sons, two adolescent daughters and parents-- girl dying but surrounded my brother and neighbor-- mother and sister dead-- neighbors suffered in isolation also Cholera

p. 60 John Snow used novel education during the temperance mvmt.

which is a social mvmt against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

meaning John Snow Deliberately avoided horse and carriage and walked for miles instead

John Snow was not talkative and friendly. He was reserved and uncommunicative in speech (taciturn) p. 60

In 1839 in the Lancet

October 1846 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston gave the first demonstration of using ether an anesthetic

Use ether on his patients to perform a successful extraction

--Problem with ether was the dosage-- a gas concentration and temperature-- created a table of calculation for the strength of ether vapors-- collaborated with Daniel Ferguson (made inhaler to control dosage)-- use Julius Jeffrey to method to deliver gas

linked together principles from different disciplines,especially when forming a comprehensive theory. John Snow exhibited consilient thinking.

Hedrew upon his broad background and used insights from many different disciplines to form his ideas and hypotheses. (p.67)

Test of the truth of a theory in which it occurs.

Believe that the agent was passed from person to person

Public official (demographer)tracked trends births, deaths, marriages in England and WalesSnow used Farr's weekly records of birth and death and they developed a symbiotic relationshipwife died of tb-- tabulated cholera deaths by elevation looking for correlation--find people living in high elevation safer because they had cleaner water

Seaman from Hamburgtrue cause of Blenkinsopp malady because the slept in same room

Londoners that lived below the Thames river more prone to the cholera disease because of the water supplier

crucial experiment that is capable of decisively determining whether or not a particular hypothesis or theory is superior to all other hypotheses or theories whose acceptance is currently widespread in the scientific community

62 % of recorded deaths of kids under the age of five

proposed that pattern of human organization could be understood as social equivalent of patterns formed by molecules in response to changing energy states

dramatic shifts from one state to another p. 93

became national beverage of the time; stable in working class diet (p. 95)-- brewed tea possesses antibacterial properities that help ward off waterborne diseases because the tannic acid released in steeping process kills off bacteria (other part leaves during boiling of water)

p.

95 new taste for tea; something that is just coming into existence

having the character of latin used against Snow before. Farr added age, sex, elevation levers to cholera victims stats. also tracked where people got their water