the evolutionary history of biodiversity

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.

A discipline that focuses on classifying organisms and their evolutionary relationships. (fossils, morphology, genes, molecular evidence)

An ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics assessing similarities and differences.

two-part naming system including genus and species

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species- a taxon

similarities due to shared ancestry

when organisms develop similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges (analogous)

a group of species that includes ancestral species and all its descendants

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

no nuclear envelope, no membrane-enclosed organelles, no introns, no histone proteins assoc. with dna, a circular chromosome

no nuclear envelope, no membrane-enclosed organelles, introns, histone proteins assoc. with dna, a circular chromosome

a nuclear envelope, membrane-enclosed organelles, introns, histone proteins assoc. with dna, no circular chromosome

Prokaryotes: rods/spheres/helices shaped, 1-5 micrometers in size, no true nuclei or internal compartmentalization, simple small genome, contain plasmids, reproduce through binary fission Eukaryotes: bigger than prokaryote, simple small genome

transformation, conjugation, transduction

prokaryote takes up dna from environment

genes are directly transferred from one prokaryote to another (bridge/sex pilus)

genes transferred through viruses

mutation

use sunlight to convert co2 into organic compounds

use co2 as source of carbon, but get energy from oxidizing inorganic substances

use light to make atp but most obtain carbon from outside source fixed in organic compounds

get both carbon and energy from organic compounds

first prokaryotes classified in domain Archaea that live in extreme environments

live in saline environments

live in very hot environments

-they are paraphyletic -they are eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi

a group/clade consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants

consists of an ancestral species and some of but not all of its descendants (one may be missing)

includes descendants of two or more common ancestors

1. most are unicellular 2. most use aerobic metabolism and have mitochondria

-originally unicellular organisms (eukaryote) one engulfed by the other- grew together/endosymbiotic relationship formed w/ a prokaryote

1/4 of the worlds oxygen is produced by photosynthetic protists

1. produce cellulose for cell walls in same fashion 2. the peroxisomes of these 2 groups have enzymes that reduce the effects of photorespiration 3. similar sperm structure 4. produce cell plates in same way during cell division 5. genetic evidence including analysis of nuclear and chloroplast genes shows they are closely related

increased sunlight unfiltered by water, more co2 in atmosphere than the water, nutrient rich soil, fewer predators

lack of water, desiccation, lack of structural support against gravity

alternation of generations

gametophyte stage (plant cells are haploid) and sporophyte stage (plant cells are diploid)

-gametes are produced -during fertilization, egg and sperm fuse to form diploid zygote (sporophyte) which divides mitotically -sporophyte produces spores by meiosis -zygote develops within the tissue of female parent (referred to as embryophytes)

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

they have no xylem or phloem tissue

gametophytes

for sperm to swim to the egg during fertilization

sporophyte stage

MOSSES

FERNY FERNS

-eukaryotes -multicellular heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by absorption -fungi reproduce by spores -modes of nutrition include decomposers, parasites, mutualists

-found in association with plant roots -helps deliver minerals to plants, white then being supplied with nutrients (mutualism)

-hardy organisms that are pioneers on rock and soil surfaces -symbiotic associations of photosynthetic microorganisms (algae) embedded in a network of fungal hyphae

female gametophytes which produce the eggs

male gametophytes which contain sperm nuclei

-cones -exposed seeds -do not have fruits

-flowering plants -seeds enclosed in fruits -seed plants that produce reproductive structures called flowers and fruits

male reproductive structure- produces microspores in anthers (ends) that develop into pollen grains

female reproductive structure- produces megaspores and female gametophytes with eggs

-mature ovaries of the plant -as seeds develop from ovules after fertilization, the wall of ovary thickens to become the fruit