Sociology final exam

print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences - printed media (newspaper, magazines) - electronic media (radio, tv, internet)

the flow of content across multiple media, and the accompanying migration of media audiences - notice someon on tv but cant really remember who it is so you go look up who it is and then tweet about it

socialization, enforcement of social norms, conferral of status, promotion of consumption (consuming products), narcotizing effect (dysfunction)

- Socialization ○ Increase special cohesion by presenting a common, more or less standardized view of culture ○ Mass media can bring together communities by broadcasting certain events (Olympics, press conferences, parades, disaster coverage)

○ Show sanctions for behavior, so it reaffirms proper behavior § Cops, law and order, 16 and pregnant (negative sanctions) § Telly tubbies, barney, vegi tales, Glee (positive sanctioning) ○ Also glorifies disapproved behavior too (drug use, physical violence)

○ Media confer status on people, organizations, and public issues by singling out 1 out of thousands for celebrity status § Prince William versus any other prince

○ Advertisements ○ Product placement ○ Media ads contribute to culture that creates 'needs' and unrealistic expectations of what is required to be happy or satisfied § Killing us Softly

the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue

gate keeping, media monitoring, digital divide, construction of reality

the process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience

○ Profits are more important than the quality of the programming for mass media ○ Internet has less gatekeeping that other outlets but is still not a free for all § Pirating music

○ Interest groups monitor media content (e.g. representations of their group) ○ Monitoring of individuals media use and choices without their knowledge

With media becoming essential to economic progress (finding a job, accessing info to improve skills), not having access to the internet is a problem

the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low income, group, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and citizens of developing countries

○ Mass media maintain the privileges of certain groups § Media transmits messages in line with dominant ideology ○ Media content helps perpetuate stereotypes that become stand ins for accurate portrayals of reality

impact on social behavior, source of friendship networks

- interactionist perspective - interested in shared understandings of everyday behavior - internet facilitates new forms of communications and social interactions (keeping n touch; online dating; support groups; cyber bullying)

- interactionist perspective - tv becomes a shared experience for friends - egocasting

people have greater control over what they see and hear, so they personalize their media exposure; this could lead to a less tolerate society

- how members interact with one another at an event - how audience interactions may influence the performer - role of opinion leaders

someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day to day personal contact and communication

examination of broader societal consequences of media - early childhood education via Sesame Street - impact of video games on teen violence rates

segmented

raising unrealistic expectations

movie and tv scenes showing criminals getting caught by authorities; negative sanction

TRUE

cultural convergence

interest groups monitoring of content

conflict perspective

- Used New York newspapers and CBS - Before 9/11 Muslims didn't really get coverage and after 9/11 they got a lot of more coverage - Most lived in New York so they got more interactions - Episodic framing- individual occurrence; the one instant; one terrorist attack event or individual - Fematic framing- talks about the event and gives it context; looks at the whole and all the context surrounding it - Post 9/11 there was more fematic framing and more positive

- Author says it's false, that children have not become more violent. She looked at crime stats. - We think that they have become more violent because of the media covering it a lot more. In order for something to become an epidemic, we have to look at the rate of occurrence - Social disorganization - Author says it's false, that children do not imitate actions on the media, they know the difference between play violence and real violence. She says it's not about the imitation - Violence has to be a mix of things; nature vs nurture, not just media

- formal process of learning in which some people teach while others adopt the social role of a learner - social institutions that formally socializes members of our society

- sees education as something positive - transmission of the dominant culture - exposes individuals to beliefs, norms, and values of their culture; socializes us - promoting integration of society - increases stability and consensus; promotes assimilation - maintaining social control - how we should act in our future lives - serve as an agent of social change - intro of sex education classes b/c of teen pregnancy - trying to create social change so teen pregnancy doesnt happen as much

how we should act in our future lives

- sees education as dominated by elite through unequal access to schooling - promotion of hidden curriculum and credential-ism

standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools (cant speak until you're called upon, based on a clock, not allowed to help someone in class, fosters individualism). Says it limits society

increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field; increases inequality

increases and maintaining class and equality

practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their tests scores and other criteria

schools promote the values expected of individuals of each social class and perpetuate class divisions from one generation to the next

impact of labeling and teacher-expectancy effect

the impact a teachers expectations about a students performance may have on the students actual achievements

teachers, students, college student subcultures

- suffer from role strain (instructors, disciplinarian, school employee) - high level of formal education required, low pay, and decreasing prestige

schools provide important latent social and recreational function for students

(Horowitz 1987) collegiate subculture academic subculture vocational subculture nonconformists subculture

focuses on having fun and socializing; define what constitutes a reasonable amount of work; often have little commitment to academic pursuits (ex: frats)

identifies with the intellectual concerns of faculty and values knowledge for its own sake

interested primarily in job prospects, and sees college as a means of attaining degrees necessary for advancement

hostile to college environment, and sees ideas that may or may not relate to academic studies, issue orientated groups

- Max Weber is the first sociologist credited with studying the function of degrees - People hired those with a degree because they know that they are focused and completed a degree - Most don't have a specific skill for the job, they just happen to have a degree - Raising of the lowest level of degree you need: credentialism - Soft skills, not actual skills - 4 year degree holders get 45% more money

- Conflict perspective of assimilation practices - Racists government practices - Colorism: treated the lighter colored native americans better

manifest functions intended spoken purpose

the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools education in a time placed

a latent function of education

conflict perspective

hidden curriculum

functionalists

functionalists

interactionists

the practice of placing students in higher classes

schools to promote the values expected of individuals

functionalists

credentialism

collegiate subculture

conflict theory and tracking

labeling and ethnography

a set of people related by blood, marriage, or some other agreed upon relationship or adoption, who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society (blood, marriage, adoption)

a married couple and their unmarried children living together

a family in which relatives- such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles- live in the same home as parents and their children

state of being related to others

kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important

a kinship system in which only the father's relatives are significant

a kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant

assign that kinship relationship based on your parents

a society that expects males to dominate in all family decisions

a society in which women dominate family decision-making

an authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals

both parents have jobs outside the house and both earn wages

mom or dad maintains full control of the household (income, childcare)

remarriage of at least one parent to create a new blended family

Adoption: transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents

Ogburn outlines 6 basic functions of the family: 1. reproduction 2. protection 3. Socialization 4. Regulation of sexual behavior 5. Affection and companionship 6. Provision of social status

socioeconomic status

family assumes role to protect the family and show them the rules of society

-family transmits the norms, values, and language -how the children learn to be a member of society

parents tell the children their dating rules and give the sex talk

the family provides warmth and intimate relationships so the child feels security and warmth so they can function in society

children inherit the ascribed statuses from their family; family resources- wealth

-family as reflection of the inequality in wealth and power found in society - children inherit power, property, and privilege from previous familial generation, so family is a major contributor to economic inequality - male dominance of the family contributes to societal injustice and denies women opportunities that are extended to men

- study family at micro-level - focus on how individuals interact in the family and in other intimate relationships - particularly interested in the ways mothers and fathers relate to each other and their kids - study on role of stepparents - stepfathers dont interact with their new children w/out the spouse - step moms do interact with the new children without the spouse

a group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort, including a legal ceremony

a form of marriage in which one woman and one man are only married to each other

a form of marriage where a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time - divorce rate; a committed marriage and then divorced

a form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously

the restriction of mate selection to people within the same group - can be restricted to those of the same class

the requirement that people select a mate outside certain groups - taboo's against incest

the conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own

TRUE

Amato and Booth (1997)

Amato and Booth (1997)

the practice of living together as a couple without marrying - has different meanings like US vs Europe

conflict perspective

Bilateral

exogamy

general increase in family income and free legal aid, more liberal divorce laws, and greater opportunities for women

functionalists

dual income families

having kids while not being married

you are fulfilled and not about the long term commitment

- mothers get 60% of what men make

veterans are interrupted by having to go to war but they get rewarded for it unlike women

criteria established by themselves, their relatives, friends, coworkers, and medical practitioners

conflict perspective

functionalists perspective

medicine has retained absolute jurisdiction over other health care

the growing rolse of medicine as a major institution of social control

1,000

conflict

incidence of diseases in a given population

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

- illness as a dysfunction - sickness requires you to take on sick role

-need to control the number of people who are considered sick to maintain societal stability -an overly broad definition of iillness would disrupt the workings of society

societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill

- they verify whether a person is sick or recovered -sick person becomes dependent on Dr. b/c they control valued rewards

-interested in medicalization of society -interested in inequities in health care

growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control

number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in a given year - in the US for every 1,000 births, 6 die - Mississippi is the biggest i.m.r

the immigration to the US and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries

-interested in doctor-patient relationship and interaction of medical staff -individual interations with medical profession -instances of self diagnosis and self medicalization - CARP READING

-has to do with health -interested in definition of illness and health -why some people are defined healthy/ill while others are not - Homosexuality

study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population

number of new cases of a specific disorder that occur within a given population during a stated period (usually a year) - use this to look at outbreaks

the incidence of disease in a given population; number of reports of disease per 100,000 people

incidence of death in a given population

total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time

interested in rate differences across class, race, gender, and age

mortality and disability

morbidity and mortality

in poorer health

-founded in 1848 -institutionalized educational and licensing programs

therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotion, and spiritual characteristics

acupuncture, meditation, yoga, homeopathic treatments, prayer

Hill-Burton Act (1946), Medicare and Medicaid (1965), Affordable Care Act (2010)

The maintenance of political, social, economic and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period of time

continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries

the worldwide integration of govt policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas - some critics blame globalization for contributing to necocolonialist dependency

an approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain

the global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations

nations that controls and exploits noncore nations along with its multinational corporations - US, UK, Germany, Japan, Canada, France

nations with marginal economic status - China, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Russia

poor and developing nations - Afghanistan, Egypt, Haiti, Philippines

functionalist

commercial organizations that are headquartered in one country but do business throughout the world

- Multinational corporations can help developing nations - They bring industry and jobs - They promote rapid development through diffusion - Interdependency of nations inhibits international conflict

- Multinational corps exploit local workers to maximize profit - cheap labor in periphery countries prompts corporations to move factories from core countries - antiunion laws in periphery countries are created to attract corporations - increases in income inequality across both core and periphery nations

the far-reaching process through which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies

functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations - Conflict perspective critique: ethnocentric; perpetuates dominant capitalist ideology

significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture

1. Evolutionary Theory 2. Functionalist Theory 3. Conflict Theory

social change moves society in a definite direction, frequently from simple to more complex; society is views as moving in a definite direction - impacted by Darwin's theories of biological evolution

current cultures are more advanced than earlier civilizations

Durkheim and Comte

- social change must contribute to society's stability - modest adjustments must be made to accommodate social change - Talcott Parson's equilibrium model

as changes occur in one part of society, adjustments must be made in other parts - 4 processes to maintain stability through change: DIFFERENTIATION, ADAPTIVE UPGRADING, INCLUSION, VALUE GENERALIZATION

differentiation, adaptive upgrading, inclusion, value generalization

as divorce rate increases, new types of romantic relationships have become of social stability of society

-social change can correct social injustices and inequalities -conflict is a normal and desirable aspect of social change - mark: conflict is necessary so societies can function more equitably

economic and cultural lag

- both economic and cultural factors play a role in resistance to social change - people with disproportionate share of society's wealth, status, and power are likely to suffer from social change

those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change

period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to material culture