Increase in the 20th century
quadrupled
For Chinese immigrants, one result of living in Chinatowns was _____.
all of the above
low income nations highest causes of death
poverty, him
demographic of U.S. women likely to enter labor force
single with a child more likely to get a job
civil rights movements of 50s & 60s
ended most instances of lawful discrimination
importance of com. college in america
-1,800 two-year colleges enroll 40.8% of all college under graduations
-greatly expand the opportunity to attend college
-enroll almost half of african american and hispanic undergrads
man vs. female (life)
women live longer by 5 years
white vs. black (life)
white people expected to live longer than blacks 4 years longer
johnathon kozol's criticisms of U.S. educational system
unequal funding that makes some schools far better than others
% of american adult population that is "overweight"
~ 35.7% obese
= 2/3 or 60% overweight
-fad
-an unconventional social pattern that people embrace briefly but enthusiastically
fashion
social patterns favored by a large number of people
cult
religious organizations that is largely outside a societies cultural traditions
denomination
a church, independent of state, that recognizes religious pluralism
style
the "look"
social movement
organized activity where people set out to encourage or discourage social change
rich vs. poor children -> performance discrepancies
poor people do worse in school
institutionalized prejudice
bias built into the operation of societies institutions
matrilineal
inheriting or determining descent through the female line
symbolic interaction view
sees society as the product of everyday interactions
holistic medicine
asserts that patients should rely on themselves-not just physicians-to ensure their health
margret meed's research on gender
-she concluded that culture is the key to gender distinctions
-reverse rolse of tehambali
demography
the study of human population
nuclear family
a family composed of one or two parents and their children; also known as a conjugal family
magnet school
-public school w/ special programs and instruction that are not offered elsewhere in a school district
-aids desegregation
church
religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
sect
church formally linked to the state
social institution that provides important knowledge to its societies members
education
max weber's view of protestanism
he thought it set some religious ideas into motion and brought a wave of change that caused the industrial revolution
global temperatures
they are rising
problems from med. advances in technology in poor countries
advances that lower death rates succeed only if they are coupled w/ programs that reduce birth rates
school: men vs. women
young men show better math while women show better verbal
polygamy
marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
monogamy
marriage that unites two partners
effects of increased income on college attendance
college attendance is more common among families w/ higher incomes
single mothers
are at high risk for poverty
cohabitation
discourages marriage
marx's view on religion
serves elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people's attention from social inequalities
extended family
a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as a consanguine family
U.S. education
focuses on practical job related information
assimilation
the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
intersection theory
-analysis of the interploy of race, class, and gender
-which results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
how masculinity is linked to health (stress)
-males are more aggressive and individualistic
-3 times the risk of accidents
-4 times the rate of suicides
-5 times dying from homocide
-more likely to die from heart disease
commonalities between child abusers
those who were abused as children are more likely to abuse
most violence against women (place)
home
year STD's rose
1960
segregation
the physical and social separation of categories of people
most religious in U.S.
women, older people and members of sects
europe
very low infant mortality rate
race
a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
ethnicity
ancestry
family or ancestral descent
children
people are waiting longer to have kids in U.S.
most adults claim (religion)
claim protestant over catholic jew or muslim
77 cents thing?
women make 77 cents to every dollar a man makes
faith
belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence
advantages of culture capital parents
-give children knowledge, skills and education,
-improves child schooling, potential
world population of 2013
7.1 billion
tracking
assigning students to different types of educational programs
% of women working for an income
60%
minority
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural differences that a society sets apart and subordinates
structural-functional approach
sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
durkheim's 3 functions of religion
-establishing social control
-promoting social control
-providing meaning and purpose
norway
highest gender equality
single parent family
con disadvantage children
social conflict approach
arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
fertility
the incidence of childbearing in a countries population
conflict theory
marxist - based social theory that argues that individuals and social classes in society have differing amounts of material and nonmaterial resources
% of rapes on campuses where victim knows the attacker
85-90%
how society shapes human health
-cultural patterns define health
-cultural standards of health change over time
-a society's technology affects people's health
-social inequality affects people's health
# of people who suffer from poverty caused illness
1 billion people
Alcoholics Anonymous, an organization that seeks to help alcoholics achieve a sober life, is one example of which type of social movement?
redemptive social movements
Demographic change in the United States over the course of the last century includes a trend towards
all of the above
Durkheim's greatest concern about modern societies focused on
a rise of anomie
hula hoops, streaking, and pokemon cards are all examples of
fads
social change is almost always
controversial
the stage of a social movement called "bureaucratization" refers to
developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating
the concept of relative deprivation
people evaluate themselves by making specific comparisons
the concept of modernity refers to changes in social patterns brought on by which of the following
the industrial revolution
the concept "postmodernity" refers to which of the following?
societies that have entered the postindustrial era
which of the following is a common cause of social change?
all of the above
According to Emile Durkheim, while traditional, rural societies were built on_____, modern urban societies are held together by _____.
likeness; difference
as a rich nation that values consumption and convince, the U.S. can be described as
a "disposable society"
If a nation has a sex ratio of 108, as India does, it is very likely that parents there
value sons more than daughters
If you were studying countries with very low infant mortality, in which of the following global regions would you be most likely to look?
Europe
in 2013 the world is home to about how many people?
7 billion
In low-income countries, increasing opportunities available to women are likely to
all of the above
in the U.S. the birth rate is currently
at the replacement level
when did the world's population reach 1 billion
1800
looking at countries around the world, what is the relationship between average income level and rate of population increase
the lower the average income, the greater the population increase
mounting evidence suggests that the average temperature of the planet is
rising
one region of the world has both the highest birth rate and the highest infant mortality rate. which is it??
africa
the concept "environment deficit" refers to
long-term harm to the environment caused by a short-sighted focus on material affluence
the concept "zero population growth" refers to the level of reproduction that
maintains at a steady level
the demographic measure called the "sex ratio" refers to
the number of males for every 100 females in the population
throughout most of human history, families had many children because
all of the above
why is the gradual loss of the world's rain forests an important environmental concern
rain forests are vital to maintaining the planet's biodiversity and climate
which of the following is evidence of the shortage of fresh water now found around the world?
all of the above
a symbolic-interaction approach to health and medicine emphasizes
the meanings people attach to health and illness
approximately what percentage of U.S. adults is overweight
64%
Applying the sociological perspective, we see that the high rate of obesity in the United States reflects
cultural forces that encourage people to eat large amounts of unhealthy fast food.
as income-level goes up among U.S. families, we find that
the share of children going to college goes up
Community colleges are an important part of higher education in the United States because they
all of the above
Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen largely as a product of
social inequality
In the United States, the most widespread health problem related to eating is which of the following?
obesity
It is correct to say that the medical establishment in the United States is oriented towards which of the following?
scientific medicine
Of all high-income nations, which country relies the most on a direct-fee market system to pay for medical treatment?
the U.S.
one result of tracking in schools is that
the students who get the best schooling are usually those who are more privileged to begin with.
the problem of functional illiteracy means that
young people leave school without having learned basic skills
the functions of schooling include
all of the above
the concept of "euthanasia" refers to
assisting in the death of a person suffering from a terminal illness
Research shows that masculinity is linked to health because
our culture's definition of masculinity encourages stress and heart disease.
Which of the following is a latent function of schooling?
providing child-care
A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following?
cult
A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called
polyandry
According to the structural-functional approach, which of the following is counted among the tasks of the family?
all of the above
An analysis of how religion supports the interests of a society's elites would fall under which of the following theoretical approaches?
social-conflict approach
Based on the text, which of the following categories of people are at greatest risk for divorce
young people who marry after a short courtship
Compared to what it was a century ago, the U.S. divorce rate is now
about three times higher
Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
fostering social conflict
Faith is a way of knowing based on
conviction or belief in things unseen
in the U.S. romantic love
all of the above
karl marx believed that religion
supports social inequality
Looking ahead twenty years in the United States, we can predict with confidence that
family life will be diverse
In the United States, a recent trend involving parenting is that
more adults are delaying having children or choosing to remain childless
Religion is a social institution that is best defined as involving
beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred
Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today
all of the above
Conflict theory states that prejudice is
a tool used by powerful people to oppress others
human beings are all members of
a single biological species
in the U.S. minorities typically have less
all of the above
In the United States during the 1930s and 1940s, the existence of the "Negro leagues," with all African-American players, is an example of
segregation
Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.
biological traits; cultural traits
Which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct, but have more or less equal social standing?
pluralism
The idea that prejudice and discrimination form a vicious circle means that
prejudice and discrimination reinforce each other
which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population
people of hispanic descent
While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.
attitude; action
Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that
bias is built into the operation of social institutions
Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by
frustration among disadvantaged people
Significant immigration of Asian Americans to the United States was first sparked by
the CA gold rush in 1849
the U.S. is not truly pluralistic because
racial and ethnic categories do not have equal social standing
The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants in the United States is an example of
assimilation
