SOC 108 Chapter 9

Education refers to the process A. whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. B. whereby people discard former behavior patterns and accept new ones as part of a transition in one's life. C. whereby some people consciously and formally teach while others adopt the social role of learner. D. none of these

Which of the following statements about education in the United States is correct? A. Project Head Start serves more than 904,000 children each year. B. Higher education confers significant economic benefits. C. Education is a major industry in the United States. D. All of these

Teaching students about the physical and political geography of their state, their country, and the world is a(an) A. manifest function of education. B. latent function of education. C. dysfunction of education. D. example of the correspondence principle.

Teaching students to read and write, to calculate numbers, and to master the facts of the society's history are all examples of A. latent functions of education. B. manifest functions of education. C. manifest dysfunctions of education. D. latent dysfunctions of education.

Putting children in school keeps them off the street and out of trouble. This is an example of a(an) A. manifest function of education. B. latent function of education. C. dysfunction of education. D. correspondence principle.

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to overall societal stability and consensus? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

Which of the following school programs was initiated as an "agent of social change"? A. sex education classes B. affirmative action admissions programs C. Project Head Start D. All of these

Which of the following statements is not true regarding segregation in U.S. schools? A. Brown v. Board of Education was overturned more than 50 years ago. B. Racial isolation is still predominate in today's schools. C. White students are not considered racially isolated. D. Black and Latino students have more classmates from different racial and ethnic backgrounds.

All of the following are examples of hidden curriculum in schools except: A. Japanese schools offer healthy living skills. B. Children are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them. C. Teachers preparing students for a state standardized test in mathematics and verbal skills. D. Gender role modeling by teachers and aides in a kindergarten class.

Which theorists would be most critical of the differential ways in which education bestows status? A. interactionist theorists B. conflict theorists C. feminist theorists D. functionalist theorists

The _______________ perspective views education as an instrument of elite domination. A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

The "hidden curriculum" refers to A. the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. B. the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria. C. the teaching of art, music, industrial arts, acting, and other nonessential courses in high schools. D. the lesson plans instructors prepare, and students and parents never see.

In the United States, school children are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells. This learning experience is referred to as A. the hidden curriculum. B. the correspondence principle. C. credentialism. D. the teacher-expectancy effect.

An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is called A. the hidden curriculum. B. escalation. C. credentialism. D. worker-expectancy effect.

Which sociological perspective is especially critical of the differential way in which education bestows status? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

Tracking is best described as A. the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. B. the process of following a student's academic progress from first through twelfth grades. C. the practice of integrating handicapped children into "regular" classrooms. D. the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria.

Which of the following institutions of higher learning was the first to admit female students? A. University of Illinois B. Arkansas State University C. Oberlin College D. Harvard University

Sexism in education is most evident in A. the employment of teachers. B. textbooks that present negative stereotypes of women. C. the pressure placed on women by counselors to persuade them to prepare for "women's work". D. the unequal funding for women's and men's athletic programs.

The "teacher-expectancy effect" refers to a phenomenon in which A. a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements. B. student expectations about a teacher's performance may have on the teacher's actual achievements. C. a student's expectations about other students' performances may have on the performance of those students. D. a teacher's expectations about other teachers' performances may have on the performances of those teachers.

Debbie's mother and father are both lawyers, and she is sent to an exclusive private school for her education. Teachers are disappointed when she does only average work in her classes, and they spend more time working with and encouraging her to excel than they do with her classmates. This situation illustrates A. the correspondence principle. B. the teacher-expectancy effect. C. credentialism. D. the hidden curriculum.

The teacher-expectancy effect reflects the views of which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

One research study revealed that teachers' expectations have an impact on students' athletic achievements. This situation would be of particular interest to which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

Which sociologist's analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the United States because of the growing number of students in those institutions and the greater degree of specialization required within a technologically complex society? A. Émile Durkheim B. Talcott Parsons C. Max Weber D. Samuel Bowles

In a public high school, certain teachers are assigned to work with college preparatory students, while others work with students who plan to go directly into the business world. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of A. division of labor. B. employment based on technical qualifications. C. written rules and regulations. D. hierarchy of authority.

Which sociological perspective observes that the bureaucratization of education increases the likelihood that students, teachers, and administrators will be dealt with fairly - that is, on the basis of rational and equitable criteria? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

Which sociological perspective argues the standardization of educational curricula generally reflects the values, interests, and lifestyles of the most powerful groups in a society? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global

Which of the following statements about teaching is correct? A. The prestige of the teaching profession has declined in the past decade. B. The average of all teacher salaries in the United States is comparable to the average of all wage earners in the nation. C. Many teachers have left the educational world for careers in other professions. D. All of these

___________ is/are designed to prevent any business from taking over so much of an industry that it gains control of the market. A. Antitrust legislation B. Monopolies C. The Free Enterprise System D. Socialism

"Who gets what, when, how", is Harold D. Lasswell's definition of A. power. B. politics. C. an oligopoly. D. influence.

Politics was defined by Harold Lasswell as A. "flexing your civic muscles". B. "who gets what, when, and how". C. "the 'by the people, for the people' syndrome". D. "power distribution and execution".

Harold Lasswell A. developed the power elite theory. B. wrote Who Governs? C. wrote The Making of a Counterculture. D. defined politics as "who gets what, when, and how".

Which term was used by Max Weber to refer to the ability to exercise one's will over others? A. legitimacy B. politics C. influence D. power

Your sociology instructor probably decides what the class will do each time that you meet. The fact that your instructor can make these decisions and that the students follow his/her lead is an example of A. capitalism. B. power. C. politics. D. force.

Power relations can involve A. large organizations. B. small groups. C. people in an intimate association. D. all of these

Force is A. the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others. B. the exercise of power through a process of persuasion. C. the ability to exercise one's will over others. D. power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.

When leaders imprison or even execute political dissidents, they are applying A. influence. B. force. C. authority. D. all of these

The exercise of power through a process of persuasion is known as A. force. B. influence. C. pressure. D. capitalism.

A man changes his position on the issue of immigrant refugees being granted asylum in the United States after a dinner-table argument with his grown children. This is an example of A. force. B. authority. C. legitimacy. D. influence.

Which term refers to institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised? A. influence B. authority C. legitimacy D. political efficacy

Which of the following is most likely an example of authority? A. terrorism B. political dissidents who seize an embassy and assassinate a political leader C. a newspaper editorial that convinces members of the population to vote for a particular candidate for mayor D. a person who leads a group because of his or her charming and magnetic personality

Which sociologist created a classification system of authority that distinguished between traditional, legal-rational, and charismatic authority? A. Michael Harrington B. Émile Durkheim C. Karl Marx D. Max Weber

Traditional authority refers to A. legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice. B. power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers. C. power made legitimate by law. D. none of these

The orders of one's superiors are felt to be legitimate because "this is how things have always been done" in a political system based on A. egalitarian authority. B. charismatic authority. C. traditional authority. D. legal-rational authority.

Legal-rational authority refers to leaders who derive their authority from A. custom and accepted practice. B. their exceptional personal or emotional appeal. C. the written rules and regulations of political systems. D. the threat to use coercion to impose one's will on others.

Every four years in the United States there is a presidential election, and after the election, nearly half the population readily accepts the leadership of the person for whom they did not vote. This is an example of A. egalitarian authority. B. charismatic authority. C. traditional authority. D. legal-rational authority.

During an inner-city riot, the governor of a state calls up members of the National Guard to protect stores and private citizens. She is able to take this action based on the state's constitution and powers granted her by the state's legislative bodies. Her power is based on which type of authority? A. traditional B. legal-rational C. charismatic D. instrumental

Charismatic authority refers to leaders who derive their authority from A. custom and accepted practice. B. their exceptional personal or emotional appeal. C. the written rules and regulations of political systems. D. the threat to use coercion to impose one's will on others.

___________ authority is derived more from the beliefs of followers than from the actual qualities of leaders. A. Traditional B. Legal-rational C. Charismatic D. Democratic

In pointing out that the growth of the electronic media has facilitated the development of charismatic authority, sociologist Carl Couch draws on the A. functionalist perspective. B. conflict perspective. C. interactionist perspective. D. global perspective.

Which of the following factors did Sociologist Carl Couch say the electronic media has facilitated the development of A. charismatic authority. B. voter apathy. C. legal-rational authority. D. terrorism.

Karl Marx believed that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests, such as those represented by A. the poor. B. racial and ethnic minorities. C. labor unions. D. capitalists and the dominant bourgeoisie.

Karl Marx believed that A. nineteenth-century representative democracy was a sham. B. industrial societies were dominated by relatively small numbers of people who owned factories and controlled natural resources. C. government officials and military leaders were members of the capitalist class and helped shape the political and economic agendas. D. all of these

Which theorist believed that government officials and military leaders were essentially servants of the capitalist class and followed their wishes? A. David Riesman B. Karl Marx C. Émile Durkheim D. Robert Dahl

Which model of power relations suggests that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests? A. pluralist model B. elite model C. functionalist model D. interactionist model

As described by C. Wright Mills, the "power elite" is A. a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States. B. all of the mayors, governors, senators, and representatives in the United States. C. the group that stands at the top of the power structure in the United States. D. two of these statements are true

Which sociologist argued that the United States is dominated by corporate, military, and political elite? A. Max Weber B. C. Wright Mills C. David Riesman D. Lynn Kathlene

Which one of the following is an example of the power elite, according to C. Wright Mills? A. the mayor of Hackensack, New Jersey B. a small business owner C. the U.S. Secretary of State D. all of these

Which of the following criticisms were expressed regarding Mills's power elite model? A. Mills failed to clarify when the power elite opposes protests B. Mills failed to substantiate the interrelationship between power elite members C. Mills failed to clarify when the power elite tolerates protests D. All of these

G. William Domhoff's view of the power structure of the United States most closely resembles the analysis of which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

According to G. William Domhoff the two different coalitions in the electoral arena that have exercised influence are the A. corporate-conservative coalition and the liberal-labor coalition B. corporate-liberal coalition and the conservative-labor coalition C. military-conservative coalition and the liberal-media coalition D. corporate-conservative coalition and the liberal-media coalition

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize the unequal distribution of power in the political system of the United States, in maintaining social, economic, and political control? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

The pluralist model of power relations in the United States suggests that A. power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of military, corporate, and political leaders. B. power is held by many competing groups in a community that has access to government, so that no single group is dominant. C. power is held by a group of charismatic leaders. D. none of these

A city wants to build a drug rehabilitation center; business, religious, educational, and political groups argue back and forth about where to place this center. These competing groups illustrate which theory? A. power elite theory B. pluralist theory C. charisma theory D. PAC theory

Dianne Pinderhughes has criticized the __________ for failing to account for the exclusion of African Americans from the political process. A. multinational corporations B. political action committees C. Christian Coalition D. pluralist model

Which term refers to the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed? A. technology B. industrialization C. political system D. economic system

Capitalism is an economic system in which A. means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits B. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce C. the means of production and distribution are collectively owned D. none of these

Laissez-faire is a form of A. socialism under which people compete freely with minimal government intervention in the economy. B. communism under which people compete freely with minimal government intervention in the economy. C. totalitarianism under which people compete freely with minimal government intervention in the economy. D. capitalism under which people compete freely with minimal government intervention in the economy.

A monopoly is A. a market with relatively few sellers. B. a form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy. C. the control of a market by a single business firm. D. a social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.

Socialism is A an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. B an economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. C. an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. D. none of these

Socialist societies differ from capitalist nations in their commitment to A. free elections. B. support of the mass media. C. providing social service programs. D. none of these

The United States has considered a national healthcare system that would guarantee all citizens medical coverage as a basic human right. The government's involvement in providing healthcare for all citizens is characteristic of which type of economic system? A. communist B. socialist C. laissez-faire capitalist D. contemporary capitalist

Communism is an economic system in which A. means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. B. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. C. the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. D. none of these

The economy of the United States is changing, which is due partly to A. the shift toward manufacturing jobs. B. being intertwined with and dependent on global economy. C. the lowering of federal taxes. D. all of these

Today, the workforce of the United States is more reflective of the diversity of the population as ethnic minorities enter the labor force and immigrants and their children move from marginal jobs or employment in the informal economy to positions of greater visibility and responsibility. Which sociological perspective notes that workers will find themselves supervising and being supervised by people very different from themselves? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. labeling perspective

The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity such as factories and plants is known as A. downsizing. B. shrink-wrapping. C. deindustrialization. D. modernization.

When a United States corporation relocates its plants to a country where prevailing wages are lower than in the United States, this is the final stage of A. modernization. B. postmodernization. C. deindustrialization. D. downsizing.

The term downsizing was first introduced in A. 1951. B. 1964. C. 1987. D. 2001.

Downsizing refers to reductions in A. the size of urban communities through advanced planning techniques. B. a company's workforce. C. the size of unions, as a result of satisfied worker apathy. D. the size of the strike zone in Major League Baseball.

According to which sociological perspective did the media begin expressing concern about downsizing only when it began to impact managers and white-collar workers? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

Problems that have accompanied China's recent and substantial economic growth include A. high injury rates and shortage of benefits like pension plans. B. rapid turnover in labor force and limited advancement for female workers. C. pollution and environmental problems. D. all of the above

An example of nations reassessing the ways in which they transmit culture is the Chinese government's alterations of the history curriculum.

Conflict theorists argue that the educational system socializes students into values dictated by the powerful that tends to stifle individualism and creativity.

Nationwide, White students are the most isolated racially.

The overall prestige of the teaching profession has increased over the last decade.

The vocational subculture of college refers to college being viewed primarily as a means of obtaining degrees that are essential for advancement.

The authority of the president and the Congress of the United States are based on legal-rational authority, according to the classification system developed by Émile Durkheim.

Karl Marx believed that nineteenth-century representative democracy was essentially a sham.

Studies show tracking programs do not necessarily identify those students with the potential to succeed.

A fundamental element purported in C. Wright Mills's thesis is that the power elite not only includes relatively few members but also operates as a self-conscious, cohesive unit.

C. Wright Mills provided many detailed case studies to substantiate his view of the power structure of the United States.

As many as half of all new teachers in poor urban schools leave within the first five years.

Dianne Pinderhughes is critical of the pluralist model of politics for failing to account for the exclusion of African Americans in the political process.

The People's Republic of China, Vietnam, and Cuba are the remaining societies that serve as ideal types of communist systems.

China is expected to be the world's largest economy by 2020.

Capitalism and socialism serve as ideal types of economic systems.