Rome Foundations Study

Source - who wrote it Occasion- what is it (letter, speech) Audience- who is it to Purpose - why is it important Summary

Latin

Julius Caesar

Plebians

Paul

Constantine

Classical

Aqueducts

Legions

Diocletion

Pax Romana

Peter

Patricians

German

Mention: -political and social causes -economic causes -military causes

Examples: -architecture, engineering technology (pantheon, dome) -law and government (12 tables and how we still use them today) -classical art (tiles, mummy paintings)

The chief executive of the government

The Mediterranean Sea

Mercenaries fought for lower pay.

Neighboring Latins became full citizens of Rome. Conquered peoples far away enjoyed all rights of Roman citizenship except vote. All others were allies of Rome. Rome did not interfere with allies as long as they supplied troops and didn't make treaties with any other state.

1). Split the empire 2). Fixed prices on goods

This made the East side of Rome's empire stronger and lead the West side of Rome's empire to fall.

They invaded Rome because the huns started invading their own land so, the Germanic's were trying to take over part of Rome and flee to there.

THE VOLCANO!!!!!!!

1).Population Growth 2). Expanding Networks of Exchange

1). Invention of Iron 2). Pastoral Nomadism and Farming 3). Improved species in crops 4). Horses and Camels 5). People lived in denser places

1). Deforestation 2). Complex Societies 3). Collective Learning Increased 4). Urbanization

A network of exchange is a web of connections through which goods, ideas, and people circulate.

-Routes -Empires -Writing -Religion

Their strong military and powerful government (Aristocracy) because the strong military helped defend the republic and the government helped keep the republic organized and stable.

A consul's term was only one year long and the same person could not be elected consul again for ten years.

The Twelve Tables were written law code and became the basis for not only Rome law but also today's governments such as USA.

Hannibal sought to surprise the Romans with a most daring and risky move. He led his army on a long trek from Spain across France and through the Alps. So, he went around and attacked from the back instead of the front.

This question is opinionated! (My answer: I think the Roman Republic owed its success to its army because, without the protection any enemy can ruin Rome and end the Republic quicker than a weak form of government.)

This question is also opinionated! (My answer: Yes; because Rome has already organized their law codes, which structures their form of government. Also, USA's law basis most of their laws on Rome laws. They base it on their laws because Rome laws create a organized, balanced government.)

Rome's military dominated the land.

Example: The Roman's republic turning into an empire is a negative because the empire doesn't represent the people.

The gap between rich and poor, death of all the emperors, the laziness of the soldiers, and the foreign invaders.

Pax Romana, efficient government, and able rulers.

The government took measures to distract and control the masses of Rome by providing free games, races, mock battles, and the gladiator contests.

Caesar was a strong leader and a genius at military strategy. He was consul for one year then, appointed himself governor of Gaul. (Background of how Caesar became dictator: Pompey and the senate fearing Caesar's ambitions, ordered him to disband his legions and return home. Caesar refused defeated all Pompey's armies and was supported by all army's and masses in Rome.) The senate appointed him dictator for life. Caesar governed as an absolute ruler and started a number of reforms. He also expanded the senate, helped the poor by creating jobs, started colonies, and increased pay for soldiers.

Religion, Slavery, Social status, and Laws. Laws changed slightly, but were still similar.

This is opinionated: (My answer: Augustus created a system of government that survived for centuries. This is his greatest contribution because this gives Rome a stable empire to live on for a very long time.)

-Political office seen as burden, not reward -Military interference in politics -Civil war and unrest -Division of empire -Moving of capital to Byzantium

-Decline in interest in public affairs -Low confidence in empire -Disloyalty, lack of patriotism, corruption -Contrast between rich and poor -Decline in population due to disease and food shortage

-Poor harvests -Disruption of trade -No more war plunder -Gold and silver drain -Inflation -Crushing tax burden -Widening gap between rich and poor and increasingly impoverished Western Empire

-Threat from northern European tribes -Low funds for defense -Problems recruiting Roman citizens; recruiting of non-Romans -Decline of patriotism and loyalty among soldiers

The disappearance of money, the decline of trade, the control of government over economic welfare, the decrease in value of coin, and the laws that bound people to the same job.

The army was getting untrustworthy because they started letting mercenaries into the army. When they did that the old soldiers started fighting and taking different sides.

The lack of a peaceful and orderly way to transfer power to new rulers and the hostility between the Senate and the Emperor.

The political instability, social decline, economic deterioration, and military collapse.

Split the empire, Fixed prices on goods, Increased strength, and Doubled size of Roman army.

Kind of Opinionated (My answer: I think splitting the empire into two parts helped Rome survive for another two years because it allowed one part to fall; which made Rome's empire smaller and easier to rule and prosper.)

Definitely Opinionated: (My 答え: I think the economic decline because when the economy falls the social, military and political fall too. The social falls because of the contrast between rich and poor, the military falls because the lowered pay, and the political side falls because of the lower pay for office too.

Opinionated: (mi respuesta: The Eastern side was wealthier and the capital was in the Eastern side, which made the main trade in the Eastern side making the western side harder to get resources. Also the vast number of enemies surrounded the western side.)

He emphasized God's God's personal relationship to each human being.

The early Christians faced persecution from the Romans because Christianity goes against Roman religious beliefs, esp. many Gods.

The Nicene Creed defined the basic beliefs of the Church.

Sort of Opinionated: (respondeo: I don't think it would have; because one of the main reasons that benefited Christianity's growth and development was the Pax Romana. The Pax Romana was a period of peace so, this allowed Christianity to grow without any wars or fighting.

100% Opinion: (meine Antwort: I think Constantine helped Christianity's spread more because he declared Christianity to be one of the religions approved by the emperor and ended persecutions of Christians. He also gave all of his credits to God and Christianity, which would make his people want to follow this religion because a God who can do such great things might benefit oneself.)

This was because when a citizen chose to believe in Christianity the Roman leaders felt an opposition or a refusal to follow their rules. Therefore, Roman leaders would lose their power if the multiple Christians decided to overthrow them.

A civil war is a war between citizens in the same country. A revolution is a war fought to overthrow or get rid of a government in order establish a new one.

Roman art was more realistic and practical. Also, used for public education.

Latin was the basis of most of the Western languages and many of its words were adopted into other languages

Opinion: (la mia risposta: All persons had the right to equal treatment under the law)

OPINION YO! (ma réponse: Without Rome we might still be trying to figure out proper law codes, and English, French, Spanish, Italian etc. might not exist.)

A government in which public officials represent the people.

The wealthy landowners who held most of the power. Also known as, members of the aristocracy or the senate.

The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population. (common citizens)

Tribunes are official representatives voted by the assembly of plebeians.

They commanded the army and directed the government: overrule, or veto etc. A consul's term is only one year and the same person could not be elected consul again for ten years. (there were two official consuls, they were like kings)

The aristocratic branch of Roman's government. It had both legislative and administrative functions in the republic. The senate exercised great influence over both foreign and domestic policy. These were the patricians.

A leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army. A dictator's power lasted for 6 months. Chosen by the consuls and elected by the senate.

Rome's Army. Roman soldiers were organized into large military units called legions.

Three wars between Rome and Carthage. 1st War) control of Sicily and western Mediterranean. 2nd War) Hannibal was the mastermind behind everything fight over Italian peninsula. 3rd War) control over Carthage. Rome won every war

Hannibal was the mastermind behind one of the Punic Wars and fought with a new risk, but daring strategy. To go around his opponent and attack at the back where they were least expecting it.

A conflict between groups within the same country.

A military leader who dominated Rome and strengthened Rome's economy, military, social, and political stuff.

A type of government that is ruled by three rulers.

Another supreme military leader during the peak of Rome's power who glorified Roman empire and created a system of government that survived for centuries. (Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, changed his name)

The period of peace and prosperity. "Roman peace"

A Jew who was born in Bethlehem and was the Messiah "the savior". He spread, taught, and preached Christianity. He did good works and performed many miracles. He emphasized God's personal relationship to each human being.

Jesus' 12 disciples/pupils.

A man who had an enormous influence on Christianity's development. He spent the rest of his life, after the vision, spreading and interpreting Jesus' teachings. (extra info: Paul was against Christianity at first, but one day he had a vision of Jesus, which changed his view.)

Dispersal of Jews

Constantine was a Roman emperor who officially approved Christianity and gave all his credits to God. (who was fighting over Roman's empire with another person. Before his big battle he had a vision of a cross and prayed for divine help. He had every soldier paint a cross on their shield. Constantine won the battle, which made him officially approve Christianity.)

A priest who supervised several local churches.

One of the apostles, who became the first bishop and the first pope. Jesus referred to him as the "rock" of Christianity.

The father or head of the Christian Church.

The value of money decreases coupled with an increase in price for goods.

Foreign soldiers who fought for money.

A strong-willed army leader who became the new emperor. He split the empire and fixed prices on goods to maintain Rome for longer.

Rome's new capital city, in Greece the eastern side.

A powerful chieftain who lead the huns into battle against the Germanic's and Western Rome.

It is a mixing of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture. Also known as the "classical" culture.

A Roman town that had best examples of Roman paintings and was covered in a thick layer of ash, which killed many people but preserved many buildings and works of art.

A). Concept of Government Laws

A). A strong central government

B). A period of disorder and weak central government

D). All of Above

B). Byzantine Empire

D). The lower classes

C). The pope

A). France

C). Triumvirate

A). Augustus

D). Slaves

B). Augustus

A). Rome, Byzantium

True

True

False

True

False

False; he stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome, created a system of government that survived for centuries, and a civil service (paid people for managing affairs of government).

False; interpreting Jesus' teachings

True

False

False

A government in which diverse culture, languages, kingdoms and countries are united under the rule of one leader.

Relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture.

1). Everyone is equal under the law 2). You are innocent until proven guilty 3). Only actions are punishable, not thoughts

Ceasar and Pompey clashed and went to war.

Members of the aristocracy and common citizens