Psychology Unit 5

If having dimples is dominant (D) and not having dimples is recessive (d), which of the following correctly describes the phenotypes in the table

__________ refers to the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce, whereas __________ is any inherited characteristic that increases one's chance of survival

Developmental psychology is the field that primarily studies how humans grow and develop

Which of the following best explains how music influences behavior

Researchers use all of the following to study the impact of heredity on behavior except __________ studies

John B. Watson illustrated how nature influences behavior by conditioning an infant to fear a white rat

Susan has made some friends at her new high school who offer her cigarettes during their lunch break. She does not want to smoke but does so in order to fit in.

A Punnett square is used to determine the __________.

People from the same family share the same genetic code

Environmental influences begin at birth and continue throughout life

Research has shown that men are more likely than women to develop Parkinson's if they are exposed to some environmental factors like pesticides and industrial chemicals

Which theorist conducted an experiment in which a rat was conditioned to press a bar in order to receive a reward, illustrating how nurture influences behavior

If the ability to roll one's tongue is dominant (R) and the inability to roll one's tongue is recessive (r), what would the genotype be for someone who can not roll their tongue

The Human Genome Project was an international project aimed at mapping and sequencing all of the genes in human DNA

The majority of human traits are polygenic, which means they are __________

Anxious-ambivalent children tend to be disorganized when exploring their surroundings

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development emphasizes that development occurs by overcoming an emotional crisis in each of the eight stages of one's lifetime

Babies who are considered slow-to-warm-up tend react to stimulation with negative emotions

Which of the following is not a parenting style

Harry Harlow's experiment concluded that contact comfort was an important factor in determining attachment

According to Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, children learn to trust and eventually form a close attachment to those who fills their needs

The crisis in Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development is that the individual must __________

Authoritative parents expect obedience without question from their children

When Marc was an infant, he did not adapt well to change, but as a preadolescent, he will eventually accept changes if they are introduced gradually. Marc is most likely __________

Children of permissive parenting have a tendency to be __________

Concept formation is the ability to categorize information that aids in cognitive development

In which of Piaget's stages does a child begin to pretend and ask questions

Object permanence is formed near the end of the preoperational stage of development

__________ who have been raised apart are typically more similar in intelligence level than biological siblings raised together because they have been born with the same genetic code

Adolescents in the formal operational stage typically have unrealistic or impractical solutions to solving world issues

Vygotsky believed that scaffolding limited communication between the teacher and the learner

Due to the brain's plasticity, experiences during childhood have a strong impact on who we become

Hereditary factors that influence cognitive development consist of __________

which of the following is an example of scaffolding

Which of the following is not a reason childhood friendships are important to development

__________ is when one relates similar objects to schemas one is already familiar with.

In which of Piaget's stages would a child be if the child has just developed object permanence

Which of the following is not an example of scaffolding

Which of the following is not one of the four basic principles underlying the Vygotskian framework

Schemas are mental pictures that are formed as a result of one's experiences

Which of the following statements concerning moral development is not true

Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral reasoning consists of __________ levels of moral development and __________ stages

After watching the morning news, roommates Kelly and Rob argued about whether or not a man on trial should have been sentenced to prison for robbing goods and giving to those on welfare. Rob argued that the man should not have been convicted because he broke the law for a good cause while Kelly argued that the man should be convicted because it is against the law to steal so the man's behavior was wrong

Which of the following is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning

Kohlberg believed people shift back and forth between the six schemas in his three levels of moral reasoning, depending on the circumstance and the person's current level of cognitive development

Lawrence Kohlberg's research involved __________ of different ages and basing his theory on their reactions and responses

Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is based on one's personal code of ethics

The __________ approach to moral development consists of identifying different ways one can behave in situations that will benefit oneself without harming others

Lawrence Kohlberg believed an individual's moral behavior was an outcome of one's current stage of cognitive development

One who believes that wrong behavior is the behaviors that are punished is in the ___________ of moral reasoning

Marley and Soncy witnessed their classmate, Josh, get into trouble by their fourth grade teacher. Marley claimed that Josh's behavior was wrong because he hurt another student and Soncy claimed that Josh's behavior was wrong because he broke the class rules

Individuals in the postconventional level emphasize behaving in a manner that will not cause them to be criticized by authority figures

The __________ stage of Kohlberg's postconventional level focuses on making judgments based on what best protects individual

Which of the following statments does not represent the relationship between culture and one's moral reasoning

the majority of human traits are this. combination of genes, Height, Eye color, and Skin tone. Environmental factors can affect how a trait is expressed

used to determine the probability and possible outcomes of a genetic cross. Allows one to see what traits may be inherited

gene is expressed each time it is present

Gene is expressed only when paired with another recessive gene

nature refers to it. predisposes one to certain physical attributes and behavior. Makes an individual unique. Eye color, hair color, and skin ton

field that studies human development throughout the lifespan. Focus- studies how heredity and environment influence human development and how it changes throughout the lifespan

birth to one year. Child will most likely struggle with the idea of whether or not to trust others. Healthy resolution should lead to a trusting and optimistic personality. Inadequate resolution can lead to a mistrusting, anxious, and pessimistic personality Erikson

two and three years of age. Child will most likely struggle with establishing sense of independence and responsibility. Healthy resolution should lead to a sense of self-sufficiency. Inadequate resolution can lead to a sense of shame or self-doubt and low self-worth Erikson

three to six years of age. Child will most likely struggle with establishing sens of control over behavior. Healthy resolution should lead one to establish sense of self-confidence while respecting rights of others. Inadequate resolution can lead to feelings of guilt and low self-esteem Erikson

age six through puberty. Child will most likely struggle with establishing effective social skills. Healthy resolution should lead to a sense of accomplishment and social competence. Inadequate resolution can lead to feelings of inferiority or failure. Erikson

adolescence. Adolescent will most likely struggle with forming a clear sense of identity. Healthy resolution should lead to a comfortable and stable sense of self. Inadequate resolution can lead to a fragmented or unclear sense of self. Erikson

early adulthood. Adult will most likely struggle with capacity to be intimate with others. Healthy resolution should lead one to establish a sense of closeness and empathy in social relationships. Inadequate resolution can lead to feeling alone and a sense of separation Erikson

middle adulthood. Adult will most likely struggle with ithe idea of providing something of value for younger generation. Healthy resolution should lead one to nurture and guide younger people and develop concern for one's legacy. Inadequate resolution can lead to self-centeredness and passivity Erikson

late adulthood. Adult will most likely struggle with finding meaning in life. Healthy resolution should lead to a sense of satisfaction with life. Inadequate resolution can lead to feelings of resentment and disappointment with life Erikson

expects mature behavior from children. Explains why rules should be followed. Negotiates with children about rules and boundaries

usually extremely strict. Expects mature behavior. Expects immediate compliance with demands. Doesn't generally offer reasoning for rules

generally makes few demands on children. Often allows children to make decisions. Establishes few rules

often indifferent to children. Makes few demands. Generally responds in uncaring manner

research indicates that one's reasoning ability may be influenced by genetics. Changes in the brain influence mental abilities

Peer relationships are essential to development at all ages. Interaction is beneficial for language development and for establishing cooperative behaviors. Social interactions with peers or siblings can lead to improvements in perspective taking

influences the way a individual interprets one's world. Establishes meanings for objects and events. Guides children to pay attention to stimuli and to participate in specific activities important to the culture

Process of reasoning in which individuals interpret new concepts or experiences with existing schemas

Process of reasoning in which individuals modify existing schemas to integrate new information

period that extends from birth to around two years. infants understand their world through senses and motor abilities. Development of symbolic though occurs. Piaget

period that extends from around two to seven years. Symbolic though continues to develop. Beginning to think beyond present situation. Unable to mentally conserve information. Piaget

period that extends from 7 to 11 years. Thinking is more flexible, logical, and organized. Children develop the ability to perform mental operations. Master conversation skills. Egocentrism begins to decline. May have difficulty with hierarchical classification. Piaget

period typically begins around age 11. adolescents are able to think abstractly and logically. generally more systematic in their efforts to problem solve Piaget

Teaching process that involves providing guidance to a learner in order to help increase one's understanding of a new concept or task

Sociocultural theory of cognitive development. Cognitive development is initiated through social interaction and use of cultural tools. Scaffolding within the zone of proximal development is important to cognitive learning

level of morality based on self-interest. Primary focus is on personal needs and wants 2 Stages- Obedience and punishment, and exchange of favors Kohlberg

level of morality based on the acceptance of social standards concerning right and wrong. Primary focus is on gaining approval and pleasing others. Believes rules are necessary for maintaining good relationships and social order. 2 Stages= Good boy/ good girl, and law and order. Kholberg

level of morality based on self-determined principles of right and wrong. Primary focus is establishing personal code of ethics. Acceptance of rules is less rigid and more flexible. May disagree with societal rules or laws if they conflict with personal code of ethics 2 stages= social contract and universal ethical principle Kholberg

Individuals demonstrate more than one level of moral reasoning at a time, and may not be applicable to all cultures

thoughts and beliefs influence one's moral reasoning and behavior. Generally differ in what behavior is considered right or wrong. Moral reasoning and decision making in all cultures is often dependent on the situation. Value on concern for individual rights and well-being of others