Prentice Hall World History

narrow water passage

Great poet who wrote the Iliad

site of the palace of the Minoan ruler

businessman who proved that the Trojan War really occurred

conflict caused by economic rivalry between the Mycenaeans and Troy.

the sea shapes greek civilization. proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage sea travel and trade

mountains slow travel, divide land into regions. lack of fertile land leads to small populations, need for colonies

moderate climate promotes outdoor life. Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outside

Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland in 2000BC. took their name from their city, Mycenae

Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea trade and culture

Mycenaean civilization collapses around 2000BC. Dorians- possibly relatives of Bronze age Greeks- move into Greece. Less advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave no written records

a narrative poem about heroic deeds

Oral tradition grows, especially epics of Homer- a blind storyteller. Homer's epic the Iliad, about Trojan War, shows Greek Heroic ideal

Greeks develop their own myths- traditional stories about gods. Greeks seek to understand mysteries of life through myths. Greeks attributw human qualities- love, hate, jealousy- to their gods

ruler of gods. presided over the affairs of gods and humans. lives on Mount Olympus with his wife, Hera goddess of marriage.

goddess of wisdom and guardian of cities, daughter of Zeus

city-state in ancient Greece and its surrounding villages. the formal government. citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis- a fortified hill top

rule by a land owning elite

power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually from the business class

government by the people

people who gained power by force. nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people. seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people

lawmaking body

where temples were built

Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on equality of citizens. ruler solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleithenes has citizens make laws. only native-born, property- owning males are citizens

schooling only for sons of wealthy families. girls learn from mothers and other female members of household

Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds military state

Messenians become helots- peasants forced to farm the land. harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger atate

Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom. Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece. Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60. Girls receive some military training and live hardy lives. Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else

a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers. long hours of drill were required to perfect the fighting method. feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields. armor becomes cheaper and leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes

Persian Wars- between Greece and Persian empire- begin in Ionia. Persian army attacks Athens, Athens win Marathon

city-states of combining resources to protect against threats from Persia led by Athens and Sparta

leads to a Golden Age in Athens

urged Greeks to build stronger defenses after Marathon. encouraged the cultural growth of Athens through public festivals

citizens take part in the daily affairs of government

ended Athenian greatness

leader who urged Athens to build warships

founded the Lyceum

wrote The Persian Wars

wrote The Republic

the art of skillful speaking

play that told a story of human suffering that usually ended in disaster

style in literature set by the Greeks based on the elegance, harmony, balance of Greek works

humorous plays that mocked people or customs

being banished from Athens

kingdom of mountain villages north of Greece. Macedonians call themselves Greeks; rest of Greece does not. Built by Philip

ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece. PHILIP CREATES WELL-TRAINED PROFESSIONAL army; plans to invade Greece. 338BC Macedonians defeat Greece; 336BC King Philip murdered. His son named king of Macedonia-- becomes "Alexander the Great"

tutored by Aristotle; inspired by the Iliad; has military training. becomes king when 20 years old; destroys Thebes to curb rebellion

quick victory at Granicus River. Datius III- king of Persia, assembles army of 50,000- 75,000 men. Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to flee

Alexander marches to Egypt, crowned pharaoh. at Gaugamela in Mesopotamia, Alexander defeats Persians again. Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa and Perseplois. Persepolis, Persian capital, burned to the ground

Alexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India. Alexander conquers Indus Valley area. Reluctantly returns to Babylon, dies

Alexander melds Greek and Persian cultures; wife is Persian. Empire becomes three kingdoms: a)Macedonia, Greek city-states b) Egypt c) old Persia, also known as Seleucid kingdom

result of Alexander's policies- a new vibrant culture. Hellenistic culture- Greek blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian

Egyptian city becomes center of Hellenistic civilization. Attractions: 1)lighthouse, called the Pharos, stands over 350 feet tall 2)Museum contains art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, dining hall 3) library holds masterpieces of ancient literature; supports scholars- preserve Greek and Egyptian learning

absorbed