Praxis II (0941/5941) US History/World History

*SIGNED SEPTEMBER 27, 1821* -Hidalgo of Dolores began the fight for independence in 1810 with Grito de Dolores

*VERMONT* - In 1777, it originally became a free state of its own before joining with the United States - Became the 14th state to join the Union in 1791

*THE BEGINNING OF THE BANKING SYSTEM* - Federal Reserve doesn't actually make the money - US Mint makes and circulates the coins - Dept. of Treasury makes paper currency - Everything else is counterfeit

*1979* - Iranian forces led by religious fanatic Khomeni drove the Shah from power - Seized control of the country and destroyed all things western in the nation - Students kidnapped American citizens; later released - One of the students eventually became Iranian president

*STEAMBOAT* - Designed by Robert Fulton in 1807 - A way for people to quickly travel up and down the waterways in America - 1st voyage was up the Hudson River in New York

*COPERNICUS* - Was accused of heresy when he put forth his finding - Quickly took back his statement to avoid death

*9* - Only nine colonies were needed to vote for the Constitution to be ratified - All 13 colonies however eventually did ratify the Constitution

*ATILLA* - One of the most ruthless leaders of the Huns - One of the most effective - Huns moved to Mongolia under his leadership - Established a new homeland in Hungary - Eventually died from complications of a nosebleed

*AMSTERDAM* - Dutch were involved in spice trade in Asia, salt in Venezuela, coffee & sugar in Brazil, silk from Middle East - This brought prosperity to Dutch Republic - Made Amsterdam a trade center - Venice was a trade center before the 15th century

*HUEY NEWTON* - Unlike Martin Luther KIng, he was a radical activist of the cause - His mission was not readily received due to his aggressive approach

*SALLY RIDE* - A graduate of Stanford University - Initially pursued a career as a nationally ranked tennis player - Later enrolled in NASA's training program for astronauts - Was appointed by the president to investigate the Challenger disaster

*1892* - Written by Francis Bellamy - To express and encourage pride and loyalty to the United States whenever the flag was observed

*FORT SUMTER* - Confederate soldiers fired upon a Union held fort - This was the beginning of the Civil War - War lasted from 1861 - 1865

*ANDREW JACKSON* - Traveled on the Baltimore & Ohio - The B & O was the 1st public railroad in the United States

*JANUARY 9, 1905* - 120,000 workers went on strike in St. Petersburg - They were warned not to march - 150,000 strikers and their families were shot and run down during a protest

*INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT* - Without laws in place, it is possible to transport illegal goods from state to state - This act was put in place to regulate such practices

*1777* - Following a defeat in Philadelphia, American forces defeated the British forces in Saratoga in 1777 - Because of this victory, more colonists felt encouraged to join in on the fight for independence

*HERBERT HOOVER* - Known as the last cabinet secretary to be elected President of the U.S. - Several months after taking office, the stock market crash and Great Depression plagued America - He was unable to get America out of the economic downturn - Many rank him as the one of the worst American presidents

*HE WAS ASSASSINATED* - Was the 20th president of the United States - Began his career as a school principal - Later became a congressman and then president - Was shot by a mentally unstable man not long after being elected president

*SUMERIAN* - Was started in the area known as Mesopotamia in 3500 B.C.E. - One of the first civilizations known to have existed at that time period - Eventually Sumer would become known as Babylon - Today is known as Baghdad

*CHAVIN* - Appeared in the Andes Mountains around 1000 B.C.E. - Were among the first people in the Americas to work with gold - Created large temples

*SOLON* - A wealthy businessman - Organized Athenians into a fight against the tyrant of the city-state - Athenians were able to get the ruler out of the city and establish a democracy

*PEACE OF AUGSBURG* - The different German states had different princes - As Lutheranism began to spread, conflict between Lutheran and Catholic princes became inevitable - They fought from 1550 to 1555 - The Peace of Augsburg gave each prince the authority to choose his state religion

*YELLOW FEVER* - Epidemic broke out where 5000 people got sick - Doctors didn't know how to prevent or cure the outbreak - Suggested that residents leave the city - It was later determined the combination of hot and humid weather and stagnant water were the cause due to heavy rain - Virus carrying mosquitoes were the cause of the disease

*A SPY* - A loyal Unionist - Looking for a way to serve her country, she enlisted in the secret service as a spy - She served her country well - At her death, she was buried with military honors

*FALSE* - Although partially captured during WWII, France never officially entered the Axis powers - Was rather considered to be an Allied power

*THEODORE ROOSEVELT* - In 1906, Roosevelt visited the construction site of when completed, would be the Panama Canal - Chief Engineer of the project later credits Roosevelt as the "real builder of the Panama Canal"

*MAYFLOWER COMPACT* - Signed in 1620 - Was the governing law for the Pilgrims that landed at Plymouth Rock

*FIRST BLACK SUPREME COURT JUSTICE* - Known for his victory in the Brown v. Board of Education case - Was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Clinton - Differed from Martin Luther King in that he believed segregation should be fought in the courts

*SOCIALISM* - Socialist theory in the 19th century - Advocated common ownership of resources - Theorists like Engel and Robert Owens criticized capitalism and effects of growin industry - Henri de Saint Simon was the 1st to use the term socialism

*1871* - Burned for 3 days - Hundreds of people were killed - Destroyed property and acres of land - No one really knows the exact cause of the fire

*NEW DEAL* - Launched by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 - Was designed to help create jobs and maintain stability in banks

*THE ILIAD* - Created by Homer - Was a tribute to the Trojan War - Scholars considered this to be a work of fiction until the actual city of Troy was uncovered in the early 20th century

*DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER* - Was very popular with the people - Was a conservative - Patient leader who concentrated on maintaining world peace

*1550* - Scientific Revolution is a product of the humanistic thought of the Renaissance - Copernicus's De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in 1543 - Other thinkers such as Michelangelo developed new ways of looking at the world - The rise of science and reason over superstition led to advances and helped usher in the Age of Reason

*ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER* - Born in Austria - Began his career in the Austrian army - Later entered a Mr. Universe contest which ultimately led him the to the United States - Began acting and in 2003 announced his candidacy for governor of the state of California

*PERSIA* - Founder of Zoroastrianism - He came from the Persian Empire - He taught heaven was a hot place to people who were used to living in the cold mountains of the region

*MAJOR STEPHEN LONG* - Long was very interested in and studied the formation of mountains - Long's Peak in Colorado was named after the expedition

*INTERPRET THE LAWS* - Judicial branch decides whether or not a law is considered constitutional - If there is a dispute on whether or not one was, the branch is responsible for settling the dispute - The courts are governed by the judicial code

*FREDERICK THE GREAT* - Officially was known as Frederick II - Ruled Prussia from 1740-1786 - He doubled the population of Prussia through military strength - Learned from enlightened thinkers - Established religious tolerance and allowed freedom of expression - His attitude towards the arts and expression won him the title of Frederick the Great

*LASALLE* - Re-discovered the Mississippi River, this time claiming it for France - France was able to maintain control of the land and it gave them a considerable hold in the New World - France would keep this territory until selling it to the United States in the early 1800's

*DRUIDS* - Although regarded as priests and wise men, they were also the leading authority in a region - At this point in history, the Celts included people not only in present Great Britain but Spain, France, and Germany

*ROBERT LA FOLLETTE* - Was a governor/senator of Wisconsin in the early 1900's - Was known by citizens as "Battling Bob"

*DESIGNED TO KEEP CHINESE IMMIGRANTS OUT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR A PERIOD OF 10 YEARS* - Was intended to keep Chinese laborers out of the U.S. for the 10 year period of time - Those Chinese non-laborers who desired to immigrate to the U.S. were required to get approval and obtain certification from the Chinese government, which was difficult to do

*$15 MILLION* - France was under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte - France needed the money from the sale to finance Napoleon's war in Europe - The acquisition of this land doubled the size of the United States

*AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE JAPANESE AND THE USA* - The two parties agreed not to grant passports to people trying to relocate from Japan to the USA - This agreement relied upon the integrity of both parties to keep their word

*LEE HARVEY OSWALD* - It was said that Oswald was medically documented as mentally imbalanced - It was also said he had an insatiable desire to become famous - Assassination of the president, in his mind accomplished this goal

*JOHN HANCOCK* - Over 40 people showed up to help draft and sign the Declaration of Independence - John Hancock chose to sign his name the largest - His reasoning was that King George III would be able to read it without his glasses - An obvious aim against the king

*IN A DUEL* - Wrote 2/3 of the Federalists Papers - Died at the age of 32 when he was Secretary of the Treasury - In a duel with the Vice President of the time, Aaron Burr - While Hamilton did not die at the scene of the duel, he died later from complications

*NEOLITHIC PERIOD* - Beginning of agriculture occurred when people settled down to form communities - This occurred in the Neolithic era and people stopped being foragers

*10* - Bill of Rights was passed in 1791 to give American citizens certain freedoms that they could come to expect from the country - Over time, more amendments have been added for various reasons

*PHOENICIANS* - Created a language which they would use for trading among different nations - This language quickly spread because of the amount of interaction they had with other nations in the region

*1660* - Forced colonists to only buy from England - Prior to 1660, colonists were able to trade with other nations as long as the majority of their trading took place in England - England passed this act making it a crime to trade with other nations in the area - Many people continued to trade with other nations though since England was unable to fully enforce the law

*ARKANSAS* - Reasoning behind Indian Removal Act was to secure enough land for the Americans who migrated to the country to be able to find a place to live - During this time of travel, many Native Americans died causing their long march to be named the Trail of Tears

*GALILEO* - Copernicus was the first to formulate a detailed heliocentric theory - Galileo defended Coperincanism and was accused of heresy - When he refused to recant his scientific beliefs, he was tried and placed under house arrest by the Roman Inquisition - He remained under house arrest until his death of fever and heart palpitations

*CHRISTIANITY* - Ieyasu established trade with the Dutch and English - He became aware of the conflict between Catholics and Protestants - He saw Christianity as a threat to the political system - He outlawed Christianity in 1614

*92* - Was an African American woman who refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white passenger - The US Congress called Rosa Parks the "First Lady of Civil Rights" - As a result of her efforts, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom

*BRITISH BURNED THE ACTUAL LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AND THE BOOKS HELD THERE* - During this time, the War of 1812 was taking place - Burning the books held at the library forced America to buy 6,487 new books to replenish the supply - These books were purchased from Thomas Jefferson

*ELECTRICITY AND CHEMICALS* - From 1875-1905 - Saw inventions such as the light bulb and telephone - 1st Industrial Revolution focused mainly on changes in textile and steam

*LEIF ERIKSSON* - Led the Vikings to the New World while trying to find better fishing grounds - They set up living arrangements but never permanently settled in the area

*THOMAS JEFFERSON* - John Adams was said to have asked Jefferson to do it because he wrote "ten times better" - On Jefferson's tombstone, it is one of the 3 things he wanted to be remembered for

*PALEOTHIC* - The Cave of Chavet has the oldest known cave painting inside of it - Painted around 31,000 B.C.E - The cave is now part of the Ardeche department of France

*OKINAWA AND IWO JIMA* - Were captured by American soldiers only after intense ground fighting - One of the most famous images of the battles in the Pacific deals with the raising of the American flag over Iwo Jima

*SANSKRIT* - Aryan people settled in the Indus Valley region of India around 500 B.C.E. - Although they did not have a written language, their traditions were passed on orally and were eventually written down in what is called the Vedas

*SADDAM HUSSEIN* - Became the president of Iraq and began plans to conquer other states in the region - He remained in power until 2005, during the Iraq War

*DUTCH AND BRITISH* - Took place in South Africa - First war occurred when the British refused to acknowledge the annexation of Transvaal - The Dutch farmers held their land, but the second conflict was over the resentment and high taxes that they placed on the British in their colony - The British won the 2nd war in 1902 and the Boer states became part of the British Empire

*MALTA* - The Hypogeum of Hal-Saflieni, Paola, Malta is the 1st underground temple to be discovered - Originally a sanctuary, it was later converted to a necropolis

*2* - Washington served 8 years as US president - A presidential term consists of 4 years - Washington was popular and even hailed as the "people's favorite"

*JOHN F. KENNEDY* - When Soviets in Cuba were discovered to be building weapons, Kennedy began talks on how the Soviets would take down their weapons - It seemed for a moment as though the Soviets and the US would go to war - When an agreement was finally reached, both sides returned to their previous cold war status

*AMERICA* - Declared war against Great Britain based on numerous reasons - One reason was trade restriction - Great Britain was guilty of forcing American merchant sailors and slaves to join and fight for the Royal Navy

*FEDERALISTS PAPERS* - Written by John Jay, James Madison, & Alexander Hamilton - Written in the form of newspaper articles to prepare for the ratification of the Constitution - It allowed people to voice their opinions about what was happening in the New Nation

*SPAIN* - In 1565 - Under the guidance of King Philip II, the Spanish created the city of St. Augustine in Florida - More of a military post - It allowed the Spanish a secure spot in the New World and they remained there for many centuries

*EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE* - 1330 to 1376 - Led English troops to victory at Crecy, Poitiers, and Navarette - His victories encouraged the English to continue fighting against the French

*SCLC* -Southern Christian Leadership Conference - Founded in 1957 - Appealed to churchgoing blacks with the goal of desegregating the bus system in the southern portion of the United States - For the most part, young people felt this approach to desegregation was too conservative and decided to form the SNCC, with the same goal in mind

*1789-1799* - The Reign of Terror lasted from 1793-1794, when thousands of people were executed by guillotine - It is generally believed to begin with the Estates-General of 1789 and last until the rise of Napoleon in 1799

*BECAUSE OF THEIR FIGHT WITH NAPOLEON* - War of 1812 came from economic sanctions placed on the US by the British and French - British finally needed to pull out in 1814 in order to focus on the Napoleonic War - The Treaty of Ghent returned the American and British relationship to what it was before the war

*EDICT OF NANTES* - Was issued by Henry IV on April 13, 1598 - It granted rights to the protestant Huguenots - Henry had been a Huguenot prior to becoming king of Catholic France - His edict created more unity between the French people

*WHIP INFLATION NOW* - The US was recovering from the Watergate scandal when Ford took office - It was also dealing with the issue of inflation - Unemployment was at a rate of 9%, which was the highest it had been since 1941 - Wearing the WIN buttons was Ford's initial measure of acknowledging the country's economic issues

*$150 BILLION* - Is one of the most costly conflicts that the US has participated in - There were 58,174 killed - Youngest US soldier was 16 years old

*VERMONT* - Part of the New England region of the US - Is known as the "Green Mountain State" - Ver-mount means "Green Mountain" in French

*VIRGINIA PLAN* - Virginia was one of the largest colonies in the New World and had more people than other areas - If Congress was based upon population, Virginia would have had more power than smaller states - Eventually a compromise was reached - The Virginia Plan was used to create the modern House of Representatives

*JOHN WESLEY* - Voted as the largest US denominational chuch - Worldwide discipleship is the United Methodist's main motivation - Texas has the largest number of United Methodist members

*BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA* - Were brought into the war due to treaties and alliances they were in with Serbia - The reason these nations had originally joined together was to stop the Germans from conquering all of Europe

*HAN* - Came to power after defeating the Qin dynasty - They started construction on the wall soon after their reign began - Hoped it would be a deterrent from would-be attackers from the north

*BRIGGS vs CLARENDON COUNTY - Clarendon County is located in South Carolina - In the 50's, spent $43 per year on each of its black students and $179 per year on each white student - Each white school had desks for all students, while two of the black schools had no desks at all - Parents of some of the black students sued the school board citing unequal funding for the schools

*1991* - Internet was originally created to be used only by military personnel to coordinate around the world - As time continued, it became apparent that everyone in the world would benefit from this direct communication - Al Gore famously referred to his involvement in creating the Internet while running for presidency in 2000

*COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY* - Trade negotiations between America and Japan in 1845 opened Japan with trade beyond the Dutch and China for the first time in two centuries - Perry negotiated the treaty with Japan

*THE LIVES OF POOR URBAN IMMIGRANTS* - Written by Jacob Riis in 1890 - Tells the truth about the lives of poor urban immigrants - Riis was a Danish-American social reformer - Used his writing and photography skills to help the poor of NY City - An immigrant to the US himself, he understood the plight of the poor and desired to help them by shedding light to the world on their situation

*1822* - Greece was ruled by the Ottomans since the 1400's - They rebelled in 1821 - Did not declare their independence until 1822 - Greece was supported by Britain, France, Russia, and Bavaria - Their independence was recognized in 1832

*HOMESTEAD ACT* - With many people still dealing with the Civil War, people were looking for new places to live - The Homestead Act passed in 1862 - It gave each family 160 acres out West with the condition that they were to cultivate the land and not sell it within 5 years

*TEA* - England passed the Tea Act of 1773 - This gave England a monopoly on the importation of tea to the American colonies, even though the colonists could get it for cheaper from other nations - Colonists, dressed as Native Americans, sneaked onto the British ships and dumped the tea into the harbor

*ANDREW JACKSON* - Jackson fired his secretary of war which appeared to have violated the Tenure of Office Act - When the case was presented before the Senate, it failed to get the 2/3 majority vote to impeach him

*KUWAIT* - Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait with his military force in 1990 - Citing it as part of former Iraq and therefore his - As the problem arose, America intervened to restore peace to the area

*PERICLES* - Was the leader of the Athenians when they were being attacked by the Persians - With his leadership, the Grecian city-states were able to bond together and drive back the oncoming Persians

*ALBANY MOVEMENT* - The main goal was to fight against segregation in Albany, GA - The nonviolent campaign was initiated by SNCC and SCLC

*GRITO de DOLORES* - Mexico's independence day from Spain is celebrated as Grito de Dolores, on September 15th and 16th of 1810 - It is not the day Mexico was officially independent - It commemorates the day Hidalgo released the supporters of independence

*UNITED STATES* - Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong were the 1st men to walk on the moon - They were part of the space race that the US had with the Soviet Union - Since their landing, there has been no other moon landing

*TREATY OF PARIS* - The last battle took place at Yorktown where George Washington assisted the French, defeating English General Charles Cornwallis - The Treaty of Paris established the end of the war and America on the international scale

*ATOMIC BOMB* - It was designed in America under the codeword "The Manhattan Project" - It was released upon the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki under President Truman's orders to quickly end the war - The Japanese surrendered shortly afterward

*HEREDITARY KINGSHIP* - The American Revolution and Thomas Paine rejected the traditional government based on heredity - While the colonists eventually rejected a monarchy, the current government was not created until after the revolution

*DE LEON* - In 1513, Ponce de Leon began searching through the area of modern Florida - He heard rumors from a Pawnee tribesman about a wonderful and enchanted land where he hoped to find the Fountain of Youth - When the fountain and land were not found, he killed his guide for leading him to nowhere

*GAUL* - The Romans named the country of France Gaul because of the people who lived in the country - The official name of France was not created until the many different countries in the region formed together as one, long after the Roman Empire had declined

*KENYA* - Many dispute the fact that President Obama should be classified as an American citizen - It is said that he is not a natural born citizen of the USA - During his campaign for presidency, his birth certificate was submitted, stating his place of birth as Hawaii

*FIGHTING* - Was considered the most powerful fighting city-state in the country of Greece - It waged war against many others including Athens as it sought to expand its territory

*BARTHOLOMEU DIAS* - Was the 1st person to successfully sail around the Cape of Good Hope - It proved to the European nations that it was possible to go from Europe to India via ship in 1488 - He had trained under Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal - He returned home soon after sailing past the cape an did not make it to India

*CALIFORNIA* - Neither party has to prove a wrong doing in no fault resolutions - Religious groups particularly blame the high divorce rate not on irreconcilable difference, but on the no fault law which makes it easy to divorce for any reason

*YOM KIPPUR WAR* - Named for the Jewish holiday in which the Arabs began their attack - Israel was prepared for the war - Both sides suffered heavy casualties before declaring a truce - Because of the fighting, the price of oil around the world quadrupled - Led to an energy crisis

*13TH* - 13th amendment said that every person has the right to be free and no one can own any other person - While the Emancipation Proclamation had been issued earlier, it was still able to give slave owners who sided with the union their slaves - This forced everyone to end slavery

*GREEK* - The Romans borrowed traditions from whatever culture they captured, assimilating it into their own - When they conquered Greece, the Romans claimed their gods only changing the names

*KREMLIN* - Was created during Ivan the Great's reign from 1462 to 1505 - Along with the creation of this building, he also built stately churches and other important buildings in the country

*JIZYA* - The Mugal emperors placed a tax on nonbelievers called a jizya - An additional tax was also placed on citizens taking pilgrimages who were not Muslim - Akbar repealed these taxes in an effort to unify the empire and create tolerance

*CHARLEMAGNE* - To strengthen the ties that the church had with the king, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor - This was a title Charlemagne carried with him until his death - The term Holy Roman Emperor means that Charlemagne had legitimate claims to rule Italy

*NEIL ARMSTRONG* - Is known as the first man to walk on the moon - Once his team stepped out on the moon, they spent 21 hours and 30 amazing minutes doing various experiments

*THE STATES* - Prior to 1890, immigration was handled at the state level - As immigration from Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia grew, the federal government became involved

*CIVIL WAR* - The Confederate and Union forces each had created a submarine in which they used to fight the other - Unfortunately, both submarines were destroyed in the attack with neither side emerging victorious

*THE DUTCH* - Iemitsu banned foreign books and travel, and increased the persecution of Christianity - The Dutch maintained trade by agreeing to restrictions and not to demonstrate Christianity in Japan - The Spanish and Portuguese were driven out of Japan

*ELIZABETH I* - Akbar ruled the Mugal Empire from 1556 to 1605 - Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603 - British traders under Elizabeth I traded with the Mugals

*PHILADELPHIA* - Met in Philadelphia soon after the Coercive Acts of 1775 were passed - The colonists began to plan on what message they should send to King George III - Not all of the colonies wanted to to to war so instead of declaring war against Britain, they sent the Declaration of Independence

*WILLIAM WALLACE* - Enraged over the English advances in the country of Scotland, he rallied commoners to fight against them to maintain control of their country - Though Wallace was later caught and executed, his inspiration continued to cause people to fight against the English - In 1314, the English were successfully driven back from Scotland

*WILLIAMSBURG* - In 1699 after Jamestown had been burned down five times, the colonists decided to move the capital to Williamsburg - The capital would later move to Richmond

*ANNE FRANK* - Anne Frank hid with her parents in the attic above a home so that she would be safe from the German police searching for Jews - When they were found, she left behind her journal - It helped show a poignant sign of what life was like for the Jewish people forced into hiding

*JAMES MONROE* - This period lasted from 1816 to 1824 - Was a time in which everyone was briefly playing nice or at the least, peaceably tolerating one another - It wasn't long though before tensions started to swell and the mood began to change

*GANG OF FOUR* - Included Mao's wife, who often would create and implement ideas that were in line with the Communists party - When Mao died in 1976, the Gang of Four were driven from China

*HOMER* - Despite being blind, Homer created two epic poems which have been passed down for centuries - They are considered some of the greatest literary works of that time period

*WILLIAM PENN* - Led the Quakers, a religious group, to a new area in the New World where they would be able to practice their religion freely - Penn bought the land from Native Americans and worked on creating a Utopian society there, complete with cobbled roads

*SNCC* - Stands for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - Played a major role in organizing many of the sit-ins on college campuses - The leaders and members of this group started questioning whether or not their nonviolent strategies were working - Later changed their name to Student National Coordinating Committee, to better represent their broadening of strategies

*FRANCO* - Franco led the people of Spain in a revolt against the last monarchy, hoping to create a republic - In 1936 though, Franco led a rebellion against the republicans who were in power and turned the nation of Spain into a dictatorship, which he ruled over

*TWO* - In both cases, neither army managed to make it to the Holy Land to fight - The children were taken and either enslaved or killed

*THE BEIJING CONVENTION* - The treaties of Tientsin were forced on the Chinese in 1558 - The Chinese did not ratify the unfair treaty - After Beijing was captured, the Chinese were forced to ratify the treaties with the Beijing Convention