What is Not true about Learning a It results in a relatively permanent change in behavior B.It is directly observable C.It is the result of practice and or experience D.All of the above are true
It is directly observable
What classifies a skill?
The predictability of the environment in which the skill is performed The nature of their organization The degree of precision of their movements and corresponding size of the musculature used to perform the movement
Which of the following is NOT true of motor skills? A.Body and/or limb movements are required B.They can be performed involuntarily C.They must be learned D.They are goal oriented
the can be performed involuntarily
Which of the following would be considered a closed skill? A.Putting a golf ball B.Returning a tennis serve C.Juggling D.Driving a car
putting a golf ball
Mountain biking, which requires the performer to continually adapt his or her responses to conform to the trail, would be considered what kind of skill?
An open skill
Which of the following is an example of a serial skill? A.Throwing a frisbee B.Rollerblading C.Serving a volleyball D.A floor routine in gymnastics
A floor routine in gymnastic
Which of the following skills has low inter-trial variability? A.Shot put B.Volleyball spike C.Golf putt D.Bunting
Shot Put
According to Gentile, the environmental factors that specifies the movement characteristics necessary for successful performance of a skill are known as
Regulatory Conditions
According to Gentile's multidimensional classification system, the simplest skill would be one whose
Environmental context is stationary, involves no inter-trial variability or body transport and does not require object manipulation
In regards to motor abilities what is true?
A.We all have different abilities that enhance or limit our capability to become skilled B.There's no guarantee that we will become skilled; motor abilities only allow the potential to be skilled C.Practice and experience can help us realize our potential
What does a task analysis allow?
movement practitioners to determine the underlying motor abilities that are important for successful performance of a given skill or task.
Although motor abilities are genetically inherited, with practice they can be changed and improved over time.
False
Perception
the process by which meaning is attached to input?
Practice for open skills should emphasize
variability in the practice context.
Direct perception
The view that the relationship between perception and action is circular rather than relying on stored memory representation is known
Hicks Law
states that choice RT is logarithmically related to the number of stimulus choice alternatives.
Which of the following is NOT true of response time? A.It is determined from the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is completed B.It is the combination of reaction time and movement time C.It should not exceed four seconds D.It is influenced by the number of response choices in a situation
It should not exceed four seconds
What would not influence movement time? A.Using little to no back swing B.Reduction in the length of the movement C.Reduction in the uncertainty of a situation D.Increase in the speed at which the movement is executed
Reduction in the length of the movement
The ability to attend to or focus on one specific item in the midst of countless stimuli is called:
Selective attention
The inverted U hypothesis
captures the relationship between arousal and performance
Instructions that induce an internal attentional focus
Direct the learner to focus on their own body movements
Reaction time
The interval of time between the moment that a stimulus is presented to when a response is initiated
zone of optimal functioning
produces an attentional focus that is narrow enough to exclude irrelevant information, but broad enough to pick up the task-relevant information.
Anxiety is an emotion that
results from an individual's perception that a given situation is threatening.
RT is dependent on
the processing demands imposed by a given task/situation
The warning signal + RT + MT = response time.
False
The degrees of freedom problem is based on which of the following?
The number of elements or components of the system that have to be controlled
The manipulation of variables within a movement pattern to meet the demands of a given situation is known as
Control
Which of the following is NOT considered an invariant feature? A.Relative force B.Sequence of actions or components C.Specification of muscles and or limbs D.Relative timing
Specification of muscles and or limbs
What is the name of the features of the generalized motor program that are flexible and define how to execute the program?
Parameters
What specifies the parameter values assigned to the generalized motor program?
schema
Which of the following is NOT a source of information used to develop one's schema? A.Sensory consequences B.Individual differences C.Response specifications D.Response outcome
Individual Differences
What is the difference between open and closed loop systems?
Open loop runs as planned while closed loop can be modified
ccording to the Dynamic System Theory, compressing available degrees of freedom into a single functional unit that is designed to carry out a specific task is called
Self-organization
Practitioners can create action possibilities that allow for the emergence of desired behaviors by doing what
A. Altering playing area dimensions B.Moving a learner's limb into the desired position C.Scale the equipment used to match the developmental abilities of the learner
Since being bedridden from pneumonia, Martha has lost some of her flexibility. As a result, she is no longer able to achieve certain yoga poses. The loss of flexibility in this situation is an example of what?
A constraint A rate limiter
What is a constraint? List two types & provide one example for each. Constraints are all of the factors,that limit or enable within the practice environment, that influence skill acquisition and performance.
Environmental: Rain making a field muddy, which may hinder the performance of a soccer player. Social: Feeling embarrassed to learn a skill because it is not socially accepted within a society or age group.
For a learner in the autonomous stage of learning, what is the role of the practitioner?
Still involves practice design and error detection and correction
Which of the following is a role that the practitioner NO LONGER plays when a learner is in the associative stage of learning? A.Design effective practice experiences B.Provide initial instructions C.Develop a learner's error detection and correction capabilities D.Provide feedback
Provides initial instruction
In the early stages of skill acquisition, a learner typically does what in regards to degrees of freedom
freezes the degree of freedom
What is true in regards to a beginner
A.They are mechanically inefficient B.They are inconsistent C.They expend a large amount of energy
In the fixation/diversification stage of Gentile's Stages of Learning model, which instructional strategy is recommended for closed skills with inter-trial variability?
Diversification
Practice situations with variations in both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions should be systematically introduced for which of the following types of skills?
Closed skills with inter-trial variability Open skills
Once a learner reaches the associative stage a key responsibility of the practitioner is to do what?
A.Build on initial instructions and demonstrations provided in the initial stage of learning. B.Teach visual search strategies specific to the skill. C.Begin to reduce the amount and type of feedback.
Which of the following is NOT true of performance curves? A.By examining successive trials, consistency can be inferred B.They are useful for establishing permanence C.The most common curve is the negatively accelerating curve D.The general direction of the curve is indicative of improvement
they are useful for establishing permanence
post test
administered directly following the practice period
What would best measure learning?
A retention test
Consciously attending to specific aspects of a well-learned movement can
be detrimental to performance.
Performance curves are the best measure of learning because they allow the practitioner to evaluate the degree of improvement and consistency as well as persistence and adaptability of the skill or movement pattern.
False
Retention tests are given immediately following a period of practice.
False
transfer test can be used to determine
the degree to which the learner can adapt the skill or movement pattern to a novel situation.
What is one of the easiest learning style variables to accommodate for motor skill learning?
Perceptual mode
Which of the following is NOT true of learning styles? A.A students preferred perceptual mode is often nothing more than a preference for tasks in which the student has a high ability and/or at which the student feels successful. B.Unless learning styles are accommodated, learning will not occur. C.An eclectic approach should be used in situations involving large groups. D.When learning style and instructional style match, learners are able to process information more effectively and achieve greater learning gains.
Unless learning styles are accommodated, learning will not occur
hen the learning of a new skill or its performance under novel conditions is influenced by past experience with another skill or skills, what is it known as?
Transfer
Transfer can be?
A.Positive B.Negative C.Zero
What are based on the principles of transfer?
A.Skill progressions B.Lead up games C.Simulators
What can be examined to determine the degree of similarity between two skills and assess the potential for positive transfer?
A.The fundamental movement pattern B.The strategic and conceptual aspects of the game or task C.The perceptual, temporal, and spatial elements
When applying the concept transfer to teaching, what is important?
The skills referred to are well learned
Which of the following is NOT true with regard to motivation? A.Motivation is an internal condition that incites and directs action or behavior. B.All learners are motivated to learn if the task is presented in an interesting manner. C.It influences the learner's receptivity to instruction. D.Lack of motivation hinders learning.
All learners are motivated to learn if the task is presented in an interesting manner
If a learner's past experience with badminton temporarily interferes with their learning of tennis __________ is said to have occurred.
Negative transfer
To what extent would you expect transfer to occur to a game situation from a volleyball drill that requires teammates to form a circle and bump the ball to the next person in a clockwise direction?
Low
No two individuals possess identical learning styles.
True
It is just as important to point out the differences between two skills as it is the similarities when attempting to capitalize on transfer.
True
What is true regarding Initial instructions that are highly detailed?
They challenge the learner's attentional capacity
Which of the following is NOT true of verbal cues? A.They are the same thing as key elements B.They are used prompt a movement or movement sequence C.They should be used repeatedly D.They should be concise
They are the same things as key elements
What does a learning model emphasize?
Movement exploration
What is discovery learning?
A strategy where the learner attempts to solve a movement problem through the exploration of a variety of possible task solutions
Practitioners should focus learner's attention
to the critical elements of the motor skill being learned
What technique would be optimal to check for understanding?
Asking learners specific questions regarding the instructions just given
What is the name of the theory that suggests the development of a cognitive representation of a skill from seeing a demonstration or model?
The social cognitive theory of observational learning
What is the key to the use of a learning model?
The observer views another learner practicing the skill and hears the corresponding instructor feedback
What is important to do before skill instruction begins?
Capture the learner's undivided attention
How should the initial demonstration be performed?
Performed in real time
Part-practice would be recommended when a skill is considered to have what kinds of complexity and organization?
High task complexity / low task organization
Which of the following skills would be considered high in task complexity? A.Hopping B.Picking up a cup C.High Jumping D.Putting
High jumping
Which of the following is considered low in task organization? A.A jump serve in volleyball B.Throwing a discus C.Pole vaulting D.An aerobics dance sequence
An aerobics dance sequence
The part-practice technique that separates skills into parts according to spatial or temporal elements of the skill is
Segmentation
The part-practice technique that reduces the level of difficulty of the task or some aspect of the task for the learner is
Simplification
The technique where two parts are practiced separately then combined once a criterion level has been achieved is
Progressive part method
What is governed by the speed-accuracy tradeoff?
Skills that require spatial accuracy
Bilateral transfer occurs between which of the following?
Limbs
he neuromuscular theory of imagery suggests that the act of visualizing oneself executing a movement does what
Allows activation of the same neural pathways as the movement itself
What movement principle laws state that "to perform a task accurately, performers will slow their movements as the distance to be moved increases or the size of the target decreases"?
Fitts Law
What goals that are concerned with the final result of a competition relative to one's opponent?
Outcome goals
A patient whose goal is to increase the number of steps she can take unassisted has set what kind of goal?
Performance goal
What goal focuses on self-improvement?
Performance goals
What goal direct a performer's focus to achieving some technical element during skill execution?
Process goals
A massed practice schedule would be the most effective for
Discrete skills
What is the term used to describe practice where the rest component between sessions or practice attempts is equal to or greater than the practice component?
Distributed practice
The explanation that suggests that random practice facilitates learning by causing temporary between trials forgetting of task solutions is called the ____________ hypothesis.
Action plan reconstruction
When should you begin to introduce elements of variable practice in the design and scheduling of practice tasks?
Only after the learner has acquired the basic idea of the movement pattern
Which of the following is NOT true of variable practice? A.It enhances the development of a learner's schema B.It leads to better performance during practice C.It enhances a learner's ability to accurately select appropriate parameter values to accomplish a movement goal D.It facilitates transfer
It leads to better performance during practice
What would be an example of implementing random practice to "practice" three different skills? A.Performing 10 successive trials at each of the three skills B.Performing one trial of each of the three skills over 10 rotations C.Performing 30 successive trials of one skill D.Performing five trials of each skill, repeating the rotation twice
Performing one trial of each of the three skills over 10 rotations
If a golfer lines up 30 balls and putts them from the exact same spot on the green to the exact same hole each time, the golfer is using what type of practice?
Constant practice Blocked practice
When implementing variable practice, which of the following should be manipulated for skills whose objective is the consistent and accurate replication of a movement pattern? A.Both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions B.Non-regulatory conditions C.Variable practice should not be used for closed skills with inter-trial variability D.Regulating conditions
Non-regulatory conditions
Repeated blocked practice provides _________ contextual interference.
Moderate
Low contextual interference would occur when practice trials are organized following a ___________ schedule vs. when practice trials are organized following a ______________schedule creating high contextual interference.
Blocked - random
Contextual interference should be avoided at all costs.
False
Long term retention of a motor skill is best achieved by practicing a skill repeatedly before moving to a different version of the task or a different task altogether.
False
a teaching method that can easily be designed to incorporate both variable and random practice.
Stations
Learning is enhanced when longer, less frequent practice sessions are scheduled.
False
What can be a source for errors in performance?
A.Equipment B.Fear/Anxiety C.The structure of a drill or task
When an error occurs because learners do not understand what you want them to do, the error falls into What category
Comprehension errors
perceptual errors occur when the learner does what?
A.Doesn't know what cues to look for in the environment B.Can't distinguish between task relevant and irrelevant stimuli C.Focuses his or her attention on the wrong cues
f a racquetball player chooses the appropriate shot for a given situation but mis-hits the ball, he or she is making an error in what?
Execution
Providing reminders is an appropriate correction for what error
Recall errors
teaching a learner how to systematically look for key performance characteristics when assessing a situation will resolve which kinds of errors?
Decision-making errors
When a learner is trying to replace an established movement pattern with a new one, they will likely display which kinds of errors?
Errors in neuromuscular coordination
Which of the following would be considered as a sensory error? A.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn't know what to look for B.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn't know how to read game situations C.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she didn't know where in the environment to look for them D.The learner failed to see important cues because he or she was in mid-blink
The learner failed to see important cues because he or she was in mid blink
corrections that involve a fundamental changes in a well-learned movement pattern are often the most time consuming to correct because:
A.the learner reverts back to the cognitive stage of learning. B.negative transfer can occur between the previously learned technique and the correct technique. C.a new pattern of coordination or GMP will have to be rebuilt.
Errors that require parameter changes (i.e., increasing the speed of the movement) would require several weeks or longer to correct.
false
Corrections that fall in the "retry" category are often due to simple forgetting and can be corrected fairly quickly with with verbal cues and reminders
true